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But Austin came to see that there is no principled distinction between
performative utterances and those of ordinary declaratives. Rather, every
utterance has a performative aspect or illocutionary force, which determines
the type of speech act performed, and virtually every utterance has a descrip-
tive or propositional content as well. Further, many utterances have features
that incorporate their distinctive effects on hearers' mental states; these
features are called perlocutionary.
Jonathan Cohen has raised a nasty problem about the truth conditions of
sentences that contain explicit performative prefaces that specify the type of
speech act to be performed, for example, "I admit that I had several private
conversations with the defendant." No satisfactory solution to that problem
has been found.
William Alston and Stephen Barker have offered a distinctive type of "use"
theory of meaning, based on the illocutionary notion of a speech act.
Performatives
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