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"perceptual" - 23 õppematerjali

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Nägemis taju, Gibson VS Gregory

As Dowell (1995) has observed: "To perceive seems effortless. To understand perception is nevertheless a great challenge" (cited in Gross, 2005, pp 244). This essay will look at Gregory's theory and Gibson's theory of visual perception whether one or the other offers a better explanation of human visual perception. According to top-down perceptual processing theorists, perception is the end result of an indirect process that involves making inferences about the world based on knowledge and expectations. An example of this process is Gregory's (1980) constructivist theory. He suggests that to avoid sensory overload, we need to select from the information surrounding us, therefore, we often supplement perception with unconscious inferences. Thus he argues that perception begins with an incomplete retinal image that is two-...

Psühholoogia
14 allalaadimist
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Freud Sigmund

EVIDENCE · Sample Contribution of · Scientific · Kline (1972) Freud · Eysenck (1973) · Fisher and Greenberg (1977) · Perceptual Defence experiments · Hall and Van der Castle (1958) 27 28 In the Footsteps of Freud · Freud is here to stay ­ Parapraxias (Freudian slips) · Stevens (1989) ­ Stimulated the work of others · Neo-Freudians ­ Adler ­ Horney ­ Fromm · Post-Freudian ­ Jung...

Psühholoogia
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Keelefilosoofia raamat

Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causal­historical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features...

Filosoofia
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Kognitiivne lingvistika

Viited B r u n e r, J. 1990. Acts of Meaning. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University. Press. Evens, V., Bergen, B. K., Zinken, J.(2007). The cognitive linguistics enterprise: an overview. The Cognitive Linguistic Reader 1- 36 J o h n s o n, M. 1987. The Body in the Mind. The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Õim, Haldur. (2008). Kognitiivne pööre. Lk 617-627 Barsalou, L. (1999). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577­609. Bergen, B. & Chang, N. (2005). Embodied construction Grammar in simulationbased language understanding. In J.-O. Ostman & M. Fried (eds), Construction Grammars: Cognitive Grounding and Theoretical Extensions (pp. 147­190). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chomsky, N. (1981). Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris. Chomsky, N...

Semiootika
27 allalaadimist
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THE PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION

Lambert Gardiner has been leading his life in neat, The Psychology of Communications multiple-of-five-year installments for the convenience of biographers. VOLUME 1 1935-1955 GROWING IN SCOTLAND Flunked out of elementary school, High School, and Glasgow University. The Psychology of VOLUME 2 1955-1960 STUDYING IN CANADA Communication Work by day and study by night. B. A. Sir George Williams University. High School Teaching Diploma McGill University. VOLUME 3 1960-1965 STUDYING IN USA Ph. D. Cornell University. Nothing else happened. VOLUME...

Psüholoogia
14 allalaadimist
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Psychology – Gleitman

Psychology ­ Gleitman Blood flow in the brain during different activities: the rate of blood flow is measured by special radiation counters that are placed at various points of the skull and that monitor radiation from mildly radioactive gas injected into the bloodstream. Blood flow pattern depends on what the patient does ( different pattern is found when person is reading aloud, yet another when he watches a moving light and so on). Ambiguous sights and sounds: The way ambiguous figures are perceived often depends on what we have seen just before. For example, if we are first shown an unambiguous figure of a rat, the ambiguous picture will be seen as a rat. If we are first exposed to an unambiguous face, we see the ambiguous figure as a face. What holds for visual patterns also holds for language. Many utterances are ambiguous. If presented out of context, they can be undestrood in several different ways. For exam...

Psühholoogia
22 allalaadimist
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Individuaalsete erinevuste psühholoogia

SISSEJUHATUS - Kenn Konstabel · Psühholoogia bakalaureuse programm, 1991: kaks psühholoogiavaldkonda, mis käsitlevad individuaalseid erinevusi ­ isiksus ja intelligentsus (vaimsed võimed) · Vanaaegne nimetus: diferentsiaalpsühholoogia · Kuid tuleb arvestada ka, et (a) individuaalsed erinevused on olulised [ja järjest olulisemad] ka teistes psühholoogiavaldkondades, ja (b) ükski tõsine teadus ei saa tegelda ainult erinevustega, neid erinevusi tuleb ka kuidagi selgitada ja põhjendada. Isiksusepsühholoogia õpikutraditsioon · Levinud õpikutraditsioon jagab isiksusepsühholoogia "käsitlusteks" (psühhoanalüütiline, humanistlik, biheivioristlik jne); igas peatükis on juttu ühe autori (Freud, Jung, Adler, Maslow, Rogers, Skinner, Bandura jne) teooriast. · See ei seostu kuidagi isiksusepsühholoogia tänapäevase olukorraga, kus enamikul nimetatud teooriatest on tühine roll. · Tänapäeva isiksusepsühholoogia on empiiriline teadus, kuid õpikutradit...

Enesejuhtimine
221 allalaadimist
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Addiction and drugs

When you're completely unable to get a grip on reality, it becomes very easy for an unexpected, fatal accident to happen. Flashbacks are a strange but relatively common experience of LSD use. Suddenly and without warning, a few days or even a year later, the brain can produce feelings and thoughts that replay the effects of being on the drug. In some people, these flashbacks can occur over and over, causing a debilitating condition known as Hallucinogen-Induced Persisting Perceptual Disorder (HPPD). Flashbacks or not, LSD users can also experience long-lasting psychoses (a complete loss of contact with reality) or severe depression. LSD is also known as: Acid, blotter, cubes, microdot, yellow sunshine, blue heaven, Cid. Alcohol Alcohol is a depressant derived from the natural fermentation of fruits, vegetables and grains. These are brewed and distilled into a wide range of beverages with various alcohol contents....

Inglise keel
7 allalaadimist
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Vaimse võimekuse kontseptsioonid

P. Psychometric methods. (2nd ed). NY: McGraw Hill, 1954. Guilford, J.P. The Nature of Human Intelligence. NY: McGraw Hill, 1967 Võimete testide vahel on madalad korrelatsioonid (7000 korrelatsiooni, ca 20% r = 0.0). Faktoranalüütiline lähenemine. I Võimete jagunemine: 3 faktorit · perceptual dimension ( taju) Tajuvõimed: näit. tundlikkus, tähelepanu · psychomotor dimension (psühhomotoorne) Psühhomotoorsed: näit. jõud, kiirus, koordinatsioon, paindlikkus · intellectual dimension (vaimne) Intellekti kirjeldamise 3 faktorit: 120 - 150 elementaarvõimet II Structure of Intellect (SOI) - Intelligentsuse Struktuur 1) Mental Operations (mentaalsed operatsioon): (5) protsess, mida rakendab lahendamiseks?...

Isiksusepsühholoogia
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Vaimse võimekuse kontseptsioonid

P. Psychometric methods. (2nd ed). NY: McGraw Hill, 1954. Guilford, J.P. The Nature of Human Intelligence. NY: McGraw Hill, 1967 Võimete testide vahel on madalad korrelatsioonid (7000 korrelatsiooni, ca 20% r = 0.0). Faktoranalüütiline lähenemine. I Võimete jagunemine: 3 faktorit · perceptual dimension ( taju) Tajuvõimed: näit. tundlikkus, tähelepanu · psychomotor dimension (psühhomotoorne) Psühhomotoorsed: näit. jõud, kiirus, koordinatsioon, paindlikkus · intellectual dimension (vaimne) Intellekti kirjeldamise 3 faktorit: 120 - 150 elementaarvõimet II Structure of Intellect (SOI) - Intelligentsuse Struktuur 1) Mental Operations (mentaalsed operatsioon): (5) protsess, mida rakendab lahendamiseks?...

Isiksusepsühholoogia
16 allalaadimist
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Differential Psychology

Individual Differences (Differential Psychology) Psychology 1 It is generally assumed that: Differential Psychology · People vary on a range of psychological attributes Ian Deary · It is possible to measure and study these individual differences · Individual differences are useful for explaining and predicting behaviour and performance Differential psychology reading Human...

Inglise keel
5 allalaadimist
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Merleau Ponty

Nagu juba eelnevalt mainitud, ei ole inimene maailma sündides Merleau-Ponty järgi tabula rasa, inimene on sündides osa maailmast, nii nagu mutter on osa kella süsteemist juba siis, kui kell pole veel tiksumagi hakanud. Erinevalt empiristidest ei usu Merleau-Ponty olemusvormidesse, see tähendab, et tema jaoks ei ole olemas inimsust kui inimese-ideed, pole ka punasust kui punase-ideed. Iga Inimene ja iga punane on spetsiifiline, sõltuvalt teda ümbritsevaat taustast. ,,The perceptual ,,something" is always in the middle of something else, it always forms a part of a ,,field"." ( ,,Phenomenology of perception" 2005 pg 13) Merleau-Ponty on üks esimesi filosoofe, kes esitab põhjaliku analüüsi taustsüsteemi tähtsusest. Nii nagu üks punane rätik võib eri valguses paista isemoodi punasena, nii on ka inimene erinev sõltuvalt olukorrast millesse ta on sattunud. Seepärast ei tulene Paul...

Filosoofia
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ISIKSUSEPSÜHHOLOOGIA

mai kell 16.15-17.30, M-22 eksam II eksam 4.juuni III aeg sügissemestri vahenädalal. I LOENG I TEOORIA  Teooria komponendid: ühik, postulaadid, ennustused, hüpoteesid.  Teooria headus: koherentsus, relevantsus, piisavus, ökonoomsus, lihtsus.  Metateooria. – teooriate teooriad. Ühikuga alustatakse mudeli loomist. Selleks on käitumine või püsijoon (ajas muutumatu). Postulaadid – „mis siis tuleb kui..“ Teooria headus: llihtne, ei sisalda kõiksust, mittevastuoluline, teeb mõõdetavaid ennustusi. 2. ISIKSUSE TEOORIAD.  Filosoofilised eeldused: - Determinism. - Pärilikkus. Keskkond muudab pärilikkuse poolt determineeritud skeeme. - Unikaalsus. - Proaktiivsus. Isiksus on aktiivne. - Teaduslikkuse printsiip. 3. ISIKSUSE KIRJELDAMINE:  Nomoteetiline lähenemine – samad isiksuse jooned, erinevus vaid joonte väljenduses. Saavutame võimalus...

Isiksusepsühholoogia
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Questions for the First Philosophy Test

29. What are the pure forms of perception? Which are them? From the external world we receive different stimuli. the sense of space, and the sense of time. 30. What are the pure forms of conception? In a second stage, the mind raises the perceptual knowledge of objects into the conceptual knowledge of relationships, sequences and laws. 31. What is the difference between noumena and phenomena? Noumena, which is the world of things-in-themselves. Phenomena are often, but not always, understood as 'appearances' or 'experiences'. These are themselves sometimes understood as involving qualia. 32. What does Kant say about metaphysics and religion? e. Hegel 33. What is the goal of Hegel's philosophy? His goal was to reduce reality to a...

Inglise keel
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Cialdini raamat

and Take 18 How the Rule Works 22 The Rule Is Overpowering 23 Politics 26 The Not-So-Free Sample 28 The Rule Enforces Uninvited Debts 31 The Rule Can Trigger Unequal Exchanges 33 Reciprocal Concessions 35 Rejection-Then-Retreat 37 Reciprocal Concessions, Perceptual Contrast, and the Watergate Mystery 40 Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don't 42 Here's My Blood, and Do Call Again 43 The Sweet, Secret Side Effects 44 Responsibility 44" Satisfaction 45 Defense 45 Rejecting the Rule 45 Smoking Out the Enemy 47 Summary 49 Study Questions 50...

Psühholoogia
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Short analysis of two phonetics articles

) * Higher frequency in men and lower in women's case makes the listeners distinguish them as part of the LGB group. So does more technical or sophisticated way of speech. (From previous investigations where larger 15-90 s texts were used.) All in all, I am still awed and would really like to know, how and why this is possible. (You've heard me speak, which group would you put me into? And no cheating! :D) The acoustic and perceptual bases of judgments of women and men's sexual orientation from read speech Authors: Benjamin Munson _, Elizabeth C. McDonald, Nancy L. DeBoe, Aubrey R. White 2006 Goal: Three experiments examined acoustic and perceptual characteristics of the speech of Gay; Lesbian; Bisexual (GLB) and heterosexual people. Experiment 1 examined the acoustic characteristics of single words produced by both men and women who identified as either GLB or heterosexual. The largest differences between GLB and...

Foneetika
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PSÜÜHIKA EKSAM

Miks inimesed käituvad just nii nagu nad käituvad? Sest neil on just selline aju, nagu neil on. Miks on aju just selline ja mitte teistsugune? Sest seda on kujundanud looduslik valik. LOODUSLIK VALIK: mutatsioon loob variatsiooni; kahjulikud mutatsioonid langevad ebasoodsa valiku alla; paljunemine ja mutatsioonid leiavad aset; kasulikud mutatsioonid püsivad tõenäolisemalt ja paljunevad. MILLISED INIMESE MUTATSIOONID ON VALITUKS OSUTUNUD? Need, mis aitasid kütil-korilasel toime tulla kohastumuslike probleemidega 1,6 miljoni aasta jooksul. INFO TÖÖTLEMINE -> EESMÄRGILE SUUNATUD KÄITUMINE: ootamisprogramm, toitumisprogramm, liikumisprogramm. KÕRGEMAD PSÜÜHILISED PROTSESSID EELDAVAD REPRESENTEERIMIST - ehk info kodeeritakse seesmisteks sõnalisteks ja pildilisteks kujutl...

Psühholoogia
319 allalaadimist
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Muusika mõju sportimisele Rapla Ühisgümnaasiumi noorte näitel

H klass MUUSIKA MÕJU SPORTIMISELE RAPLA ÜHISGÜMNAASIUMI NOORTE NÄITEL Uurimistöö Juhendaja: Erika Šefer-Müller Rapla 2016 SISUKORD TABELID JA JOONISED....................................................................................................... 4 SISSEJUHATUS ...................................................................................................................... 5 1. MUUSIKA KUI SPORTIMISE MÕJUTAJA ................................................................... 6 1.1 Sportimisel kuulatav muusika ....................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 Sünkroonne muusika ............................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Asünkroonne muusika...

Muusika
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Õpiraskuste psühholoogia

Õpiraskuste käsitlused. Esimene definitsioon aastast 1968.  National Advisory Committee of Handicapped Children (USA): "Children with SLD exhibit a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language. These may be manifested in disorders of listening, thinking, talking, reading, writing, spelling, or arithmetic. - They include conditions which have been referred to as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, developmental aphasia, etc… - They do not include learning problems which are due primarily to visual, hearing, or motor handicaps, to mental retardation, emotional disturbance or to environmental deprivation." SLD: specific learning disability: häirekd ühes või mitmes baasilises psühholoogilises protsessid, mis on haaranud arusaamist, räägitud või kirjutatud kõne arusaamise...

Eripedagoogika
241 allalaadimist
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Psühholoogia ajalugu

Logical positivism - the philosophy of science according to which theoretical concepts are admissible if they are tied to the observable world through operantional definitions. 1. If theory is used, it must be used in ways demanded by logical positivism. 2. All theoretical terms must be operantionally defined. 3. Nonhuman animals should be used as research subjects for two reasons: (a) relevant variables are easier to control. (b) perceptual and learning processes occuring in nonhuman animals differ only in the degree from those processes in humans therefore the info can be generalized to humans. 4. The learning process is of prime importance because it is the primary mechanism by which organism adjust to changing environments. Tolman - created a brand of behaviorism that used mental constructs and emphasized purposive behavior. Cognitive map. S-S teooria...

Psühholoogia ajalugu
16 allalaadimist


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