IRREGULAR VERBS INFINITIVE SIMPLE SIMPLE PRESENT PAST PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE (for he, she, or it, (Use with is or was to refer (Use with have or had) add "s" in present to a continuing action) tense) TO ARISE arise arose arising arisen TO AWAKE awake awoke awaking awoken TO BEAR bear bore bearing borne, born
parent. • He would quit his job if I won the lottery. • I would fly to Africa if I had wings. III CONDITIONAL • a past regret • different outcome that would have happened if a specific condition had been met. • If I had remembered to call my friend last night, she wouldn’t have sent me an angry text message. • If I had bought that car, I would have had an accident. • If I had studied more, I would not have failed the test. How to use it? • IF + HAD + Past participle , + WOULD + HAVE + Past participle • If I had remembered to call my friend last night, she wouldn’t have sent me an angry text message. • If I had bought that car, I would have had an accident. • If I had studied more, I would not have failed the test. • Past Participle = either –ed (regular verbs) or the 3rd form (irregular verbs) Wou can also turn it around: The result first and then the condition. • WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + IF + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
7. Verb: The principal forms of the verbs: Verbil on 4 põhivormi: Regular verb Irregular verb 1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future: Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Present Base Have / has + to be + base+ ing has/ have been +s + pariticiple base+ -ing
1. Active/Passive Active - the professor teaches the students. Passive - The students are taught by the professor 2. Present Simple [VERB] + s/es in third person. Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane. You speak English. I play tennis. Cats like milk. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now. Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. 3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel. You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor. I am meeting some friends after work. Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. 4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal. . You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim
subject verb object active Everybody drinks water. passive Water is drunk by everybody. The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: Construction of the Passive Voice The structure of the passive voice is very simple: subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle) The main verb is always in its past participle form. Look at these examples: auxiliary verb (to main verb (past subject be) participle) Water is drunk by everyone. 100 by this are employed people company.
Present Perfect Simple Present [has/have + past participle] [VERB] + s/es in third person: You have seen that movie many times. · You speak English. · Have you seen that movie many times? · Do you speak English? · You have not seen that movie many times · You do not speak English. Examples: Examples: · I have seen that movie twenty times. · I play tennis.
Irregular verbs Present Past Past participle beat beat beaten be was, were been become became become begin began begun bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burn burnt burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought can could been able
The telephone was invented by Bell. NB! The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence. The doer of the action is indicated by a by phrase. When the doer of the action is not important, the ’by phrase’ is omitted: Active: Someone locks the office every evening. Passive: The office is locked every evening. Tenses in the Passive Voice A passive verb is the verb be in the right tense + a Past Participle (PP) • Present Simple: am/are/is + PP The office is locked every evening. • Past Simple: was/were + PP My car was stolen last night. • Future Simple: will be + PP No disciplinary action will be taken against you. • Present Continuous: am/are/is being + PP The house is being painted at the moment. 2 • Past Continuous: was/were being + PP
Pane tähele! Verb be on kõigis pööretes Could/might+verb were (I/you/he/we/they were) If she phoned me, you should answer the phone. If I were a bird, I would fly away. If she hadn´t a husband, she could marry me. 3. tüüp ebareaalne tingimus minevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb enneminevikus (had done) Would/should+have+ Past Participle Could/might+have+ Past Participle If she had phoned me, you should have answered the phone. If I had been a bird, I would have flown away. If she hadn´t had a husband, she could have married me.
***I think you look pretty today. Meaning: Opinion. !! ***I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. Meaning: Act of thinking. Present Perfect Basic form The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at anindefinite time or that Subject + HAS/HAVE + Verb (past participle form) began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment. I have read this book. The man has gone away. John has worked as a teacher for over 25 years. Use the Present Perfect:
frequency(kordumine ) adverbs(määrsõna) N: Do you go to school by car every day ? I don't often watch TV. 2)Present continuousbe + verb + ing. Actions happening now N; Look! It's snowing. I'm meeting Jane tonight. You're always losing things. 3)keep + ingto describe habitual actions which may be irritating. N: my uncle keeps making silly jokes. Present perfect: 1) Present perfect simple: have/has + past participle. N: I've been here for ten minutes .The phone has rung ten times today. Look at this cheque,'I've won first prize. They have made a new star wars film. I've just got home. How long have you been here ? Have you ever been to Paris? It's the best book I've ever read. It's the first time I have ever been abroad. 2)Present perfect continious : have/has + been + ing. N:I've been living in this flat since 2000. I've been waiting for ages. I'm hot,I've been running.
· You only speak English. · Windows are made of glass. · Do you only speak English? I am not reading any books right now. Present Continuous · · Are you working on any special projects at work? [am/is/are + present participle] · Aren't you teaching at the university now? Examples: USE 3 Near Future · You are watching TV. · Are you watching TV? · You are not watching TV. USE 1 Now Examples: · I am meeting some friends after work.
Irregular Verbs Infinitive Past Past Participle Infinitive Past Past Participle Be was/were been let let let Bear bore born(e) lie lay lain Beat beat beaten light lit lit Become became become lose lost lost Begin began begun make made made
IT. to it. I had more I could learn Although unlikely to happen, it is only a If time Hindi. possibility anyway. Third Conditional: Imaginary PastThe third conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what actually happened, that means for imaginary past actions, where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied. Formation: if + past perfect, + would have + past participle For example: If I had known, I would have helped. I didn't know and didn't help. IF Condition Result Certainty WOULD HAVE+ past perfect past participle Although this didn't happen, the speaker If I had known, I would have helped. is sure about the result.
He wasn't going. Was he going? just yet never ever I have worked. I haven't worked. Have I worked? you say that sth. has happened or have/has + past is finished in the past and it has a participle* Simple already He has worked. He hasn't worked. Has he worked? connection to the present Present Perfect *(infinitive + -ed) or so far, I have gone. I haven't gone. Have I gone?
minevik finished or not Today,Never · you say that sth. has *äsja lõppenud have/has + Present this week. *täna/sel nädalal past happened or is finished in the I've worked Yet, ever . toimunud participle Prefect past and it has a connection to he's worked already , for *elavate inimeste I've gone täis the present (infinitive + so far, since kohta, mida nad he's gone
The Passive Voice Passive voice is used, when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, hovewer, who or what is performing the action. Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegevust teostav isik on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline, või siis, kui tähelepanu on pööratud sellele, mida tehakse. Passiivi ajavormid moodustatakse abiverbi be pöördelistest vormidest vastavas ajas ja põhiverbi mineviku kesksõnast (III pv-past participle). BE vastav aeg+ Verbi III pv Tegevuse sooritaja näitamiseks kasutatakse eessõna by. Kui aktiivlause aluseks on asesõna (I, you, he, we, you, they, somebody...), siis jäetakse by- fraas ära. Aktiivlause muutmine passiivlauseks: 1. Leiame sihitise ja muudame ta aluseks. 2. Määrame öeldise ajavormi ja asendame ta passiivi vastava ajaga 3. Leiame aluse ja muudame ta eessõna by abil sihitiseks. Example: Jane baked a cake.-active sentence A cake was baked by Jane
(Past (Infinitive) Simple) (Past Participle) 1 say - , said said 2 make - made made 3 go - went gone 4 take - took taken 5 come - came come 6 see - saw seen 7 know - knew known 8 get - got got 9 give - gave given 10 find - found found 11 think - thought thought 12 tell - , told told
walked. I had not been Am I walking? Have I walked? walking. Was I walking? Had I walked? walking. Have I been Had I been walking? walking? III pv a.k.a Past participle Future Simple Future Future Perfect Future Perfect FITP: Simple FITP: FITP: Perfect FITP: Perfect Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Lihttulevik Will, I pv Will be, I pv, Will have, III pv Will have been, Would, I pv Would be, I pv, Would have, III Would have
The Present Continuous What is Present Continuous The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb. Form am/is/are + verb + “ing” Examples: I am watching TV. He/she/it is watching TV. They/we/you are watching TV. How to use Present Countinuous When we use Present Continuous Use We use the present continuous tense to talk about the present: ● for something that is happening at the moment ● for something which is happening before and after a given time NB! Words what ends with -e: Make Making Invite Inviting
do + base verb I sang I sing (except future: I did not I do not sing I will not sing will + base sing verb) ? Did I sing? Do I sing? Will I sing? SIMPLE + I had sung I have sung I will have sung PERFECT I had not I have not I will not have have + past sung sung sung participle ? Had I Have I sung? Will I have sung? sung? CONTINUO + I was Iam singing I will be singing singing US Iwas not I am not I will not be be + -ing singing singing singing ? Was I Am I Will I be siniging? singing? singing?
Example: If I find her address, I'll send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 2 It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 3 It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. · You've posted my letters, haven't you? · You won't forget to check my emails, will you? · You're sad that I'm going, aren't you? · You aren't going to cry when I leave, are you? · You play tennis on Thursdays usually, don't you? · And Jack plays with you, doesn't he? · You didn't play last Thursday, did you? · There's nothing wrong, is there?
Present Perfect Simple The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result. Form of Present Perfect Positive Negative Question I / you / we / the I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken? y he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken? For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add "ed". Exceptions in Spelling when Adding `ed' Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example after a final e only add d love loved final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit admitted or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel travelled final y after a consonant becomes i hurry hurried Use of Present Perfect
Past Perfect · WE USE PAST PERFECT: · For an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past. · I had finished my work by eight o´clock . · For an action which finished in the past and whose results was visible at a later point in the past. · He had just washed his head,his hair were wet. We use the Past Perfect · For a general situation in the past. · Everything had seemed normal at first. · HAD+PAST PARTICIPLE The time expressions we use with the past perfect · Before · After · Just · For · Since · Till/until · When · By the time · Never etc. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS · WE USE THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS: · To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past,before another action or stated time in the past,usually with FOR or SINCE. · I had played football since i was a child.
2. Changes happening around now. The population of the world is increasing fast. 3. Arrangements for the future. I am flying to Toronto next Friday. Negative form: We aren't (are not) working at the moment. I am not enjoying this show very much. Question form: Are they playing football in the park right now?Why is she laughing? Signal words: at the moment, now, right now, Listen!, Look! etc. PRESENT PERFECT (täisminevik) Form: have/has + past participle (3. põhivorm) Use: 1. An action in the past, where the fact, not the time, is important. I have been to England four times. 2. An action in the past that has a result now. She has lost her keys. 3. Something that began in the past and still continues now. He has been in hospital since Monday. Negative form: We haven't (have not) done our homework yet. He hasn't (has not) visited his granny since August. Question form: Have we met before
My child drew a picture. (aktiiv; lauses on alus, kes on ka tegija) (alus) (öeldis) (sihitis) The picture was drawn. (passiiv; lauses on alus, kuid see ei ole tegija) (alus) (öeldis) · Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegija on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline. MOODUSTAMINE Passiivi ajavormid moodustatakse be pöördelistes vormidest antud ajas ja lisatakse põhiverbi mineviku kesksõna (Past Participle). Kui tegija on teada ja tahetakse teda ära mainida, siis kasutatakse eessõna by, millele järgneb tegija. Ajavorm Aktiiv Passiiv Tense form Active voice Passive voice Present simple Mary teaches me. I am taught by Mary. Present cont. Mary is teaching me. I am being taught by Mary. Present perf. Mary has taught me
Irregular Verbs Base Form Simple Past Past Participle Tense awake awoke awoken be was, were been bear bore born beat beat beat become became become begin began begun bend bent bent beset beset beset bet bet bet bid bid/bade bid/bidden bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled
Will-future Going to- Simple Present Future Future future present progressiv progressiv perfect e e Will + To be 3rd To be Will + be Will + infinitive (am/are/is person (am/ are/ + have + ) + going singular is) + infinitive past to + (he, she, infinitive + participle infinitive it) + -ing infinitive -ing + -s She will I am The bus I am She will They will give you going to leaves at baking a be visiting have an extra travel to 8.15. cake Charlotte finished sheet of London in tonight. on the paper
verbs belong to one of two main groupings: strong verbs and weak verbs. The strong verbs realize differences of tense by variation in the stem vowel. They are assigned to seven main classes, according to the vowel variation shown. Thus RIDE v., a Class I strong verb, shows the following vowel gradation in its "principal parts", from which all of its other inflections can be inferred: 1.infinitive: rdan 2.past tense singular: rd 3.past tense plural: ridon 4.past participle: (ge)riden Similarly, the Class III strong verb BIND v. shows the following principal parts: 1.infinitive: bindan 2.past tense singular: band (or bond) 3.past tense plural: bundon 4.past participle: (ge)bunden WEAK VERBS The weak verbs form the past tense and past participle in a quite different way, using a suffix with a vowel followed by -d-, which is the ancestor of the modern inflection in -ed (see `-ED' suffix¹). Thuslufian LOVE v
Tõlge Basic Past Simple Past Participle midagi saama get got got tekkima arise arose arisen andma give gave given olema be was/were been minema go went gone sündima bear bore borne kasva(ta)ma grow grew grown peksma beat beat beaten rippuma hang hung hung
in the past and has just stopped how long the action has been happening mostly when two actions in a story are related to each other: the action which had I had had + past worked already Past participle he had happened is (infinitive + worked Perfect put into Past ed) I had gone Perfect, the he had gone other action into Simple Past the past of the Present Perfect predictions about the future (you think that sth. will happen) you decide
Verb forms and the verb phrase. 1. the base form: call, sing, walk, etc. finite: a) the present tense (except 3sg): I eat every day. b) the imperative: Open the window! c) the present subjunctive: They demanded that she leave the room. non-finite: a) the bare infinitive: He may come tomorrow. b) the to-infinitive: He wants her to call him. 2. the -s form: calls, sings, walks, etc. finite: the 3rd person singular present tense: She walks a mile every day. 3. the -ing participle: calling, singing, walking, etc. non-finite: a) the progressive aspect: He's reading a book now. b) ing clauses: Calling early, I found her at home. 4. the past form: called, sang, walked, etc. finite: the past tense: I walked a mile yesterday. 5. the -ed participle: called, sung, walked, etc. non-finite: a) the perfect aspect: He has called twice today. b) the passive voice: Her sister is called Sally. c) ed participle clauses: Called early, he ate a quick breakfast
At night - õhtul At midnight keskööl At midnight on Tuesday At the beginning of the year Nimetav I mina You sina He - tema (mees) She tema (naine) It see We meie They nemad Omastav My minu Your sinu, teie (oma) His- tema (oma) Her tema (oma) Its selle Our- meie (oma) Their nende Osastav Me mind You sind Him teda Her teda It seda Us meid Them neid The present perfect - täisminevik moodustumine: Have/has + past participle (3. Põhivorm) Kasutatakse: 1. Äsja lõppenud tegevuse või just praegu toimunud sündmuse puhul. Sageli kasutatakse sellises lauses sõna just. NÄIDE: I have finished my homework. I can go out now. 2. Täna / sellel nädalal / sellel kuul toimunud tegevuse või sündmuse puhul. NÄIDE: He has been on duty twice this week. 3. Rääkides sellest, mida keegi on või ei ole oma elus teinud. Sageli kasutatakse selleks sõnu ever ja never. NÄIDE: Has he ever been to Japan
29 41. Useful Expressions Hay There is/are Había There was/were Hay que + infinitive It is necessary to + infinitive Tener que + infinitive To have to + infinitive Ir a + infinitive To go to + infinitive Acabar de + infinitive To have just + past participle Hace + time time + ago 42. Progressive Tenses The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem: Present Participles -ar -ando
(In Modern Icelandic the usage is restricted to the former. The voiced form is represented with the letter eth (, ), though eth can be unvoiced, depending on its position within a sentence). Yogh-letter (cf yoke Estonian "ike") modified Latin g. Probably stood for several sounds starting with /j/ up to /g/. Prefix ge probably · not stressed · yokh-letter stood for /j/. Reasons for surmising this: 1. The prefix is still there in German (Past Participle, e.g. gehen, ging. gegangen). It is not stressed in German. 2. The prefix was lost during the Middle English times (geholpan holpen), it is easier to drop unstressed syllables. 3. The middle version was /i/ (spelt in Middle English as y): y-ronne (run Past participle). More logical that /je/ turns into /i/ than that /ge/ turns into /i/. Modern English still had the obsolete form "yclept" so-called.
Yesterday, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she couldn't do that because she didn't know his number. If I had known h is num b e r, I would have phoned h im . THIRD CONDITIONAL If I had had a lo t o f m o ne y, I would have bought a b ig h o us e . If I had known h is num b e r, I would have phoned h im . if-clause: main clause: PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST CONDITIONAL would + have + past participle The third conditional refers to the past and it is not based on facts. It expresses the a situation which is contrary to reality in the past. SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL If I saw a car accident, I would call an ambulance. But I don't see an accident now. This is unlikely to happen. If I had seen a car accident, I would have called an ambulance. But I didn't see an accident yesterday.
..................................................................2 When to use the Present Perfect Simple ...........................................2 Present Perfect Continuous ...................................................................3 When to use the Present Perfect Continuous..................................4 Time expressions with Present Perfect...............................................5 Present Perfect Simple The Present Perfect is the present tense of have + a past participle I have washed / I’ve washed you have written /you’ve written he/she/it has worked /he’s/she’s/it’s worked we have forgotten /we’ve forgotten they have gone /they’ve gone Negative I/you/we/they have not washed /haven’t washed he/she/it has not worked /hasn’t worked Question Have I/you/we/they worked?
Table of Contents Past Perfect Simple ............................................................... 2 When to use the Past Perfect Simple ..................................... 2 Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) ................................... 3 When to use the Past Perfect Continuous.............................. 3 Comparison of the use of different past tenses ...................... 4 Past Perfect Simple The Past Perfect is had + a past participle. It is the same in all persons. I had worked he had gone Negative I had not slept/hadn’t slept Question Had he studied? When to use the Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect tenses in general refer to: An event in the past which happened before another event in the past, where there is no time expression to make this clear. By the time I got to the station, the train had left. Compare this with:
Irregular English Verbs (Tense Table) Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle abide abode, abided abode, abided arise arose arisen awake awoke awoken be was been bear bore borne, born beat beat beaten become became become befall befell befallen beget begot begotten
1. Bereft a simple past tense and past participle of bereave, to deprive 2. Cognition the act or process of knowing, preception 3. Derive to receive or obtain from a source or origin, in Chemistry to produce or obtain from another 4. Pitchblende a major ore of uranium and radium 5. Deplorable causing or being a subject for regret; very bad 6. Fission the act of cleaving or splitting into parts 7. Harnessing the combination of straps, bands, and other parts forming the working gear of a draft animal 8. Cripple offensive way to say person who is disabled or impaired in ay way 9. Succumb to give way to superior force 10.Hefty heavy, weighty 11.Abode a place in which a person resides; residence 12.Currents a flowing; something that flows; moving in a certain direction 13.Dissymmetry absence or lack of symmetry 14.Estrange to turn away in feeling or affection 15.Cathode the electrode or terminal by which c...
has/have before the verb and ed to the reugalr verb I have seen that movie before. He has already visited Vietnam. (Specific dates and times are not mentioned.) On your handout, write one sentence that reflects PRESENT PERFECT tense. Perfect tenses (pg 216) Have or Has + the present participle of the word Simple Past or Present Perfect? actice, pg 217 1. I __________ to Mexico in 2002. (go) went 2. I __________ deep sea diving a few times (go). have gone 3. The drummer in the band __________ has studied percussions since he was five. (study) 4. It __________ the jury two hours to reach their verdict yesterday. took 5. Washington, D.C., _____________ the capital of
kaudses kõnes 4.2b Kestev minevik Kasutame: et rääkida asjades, mis on minevikus kestvad. They were walking along the bank of a river. et rääkida sündmusest, mis oli kestev, kui teine sündmus aset leidis They were driving down the road when a dog ran in front of the car. et rääkida tegevustest, mis leidsid aset samal ajal minevikus While I was cooking lunch, Gina was washing the floor. 4.2c Past perfect simple (Had+past participle) Kasutame et rääkida sündmustest, mis leidsid aset enne, kui teine mineviku vorm When I saw her, I realised I had met her before kaudses kõnes 4.2c Kestev täisminevik Kasutame: et rääkida tegevusest, mis kestsid kuni nimetatud sündmuseni minevikus I had been walking for three hours when I came to a small village. kaudses kõnes UNIT 5 5.1 Time expressions .
Cf. Finite good seat (infinitive) infinite You should read the parts highlighted in yellow (-ed participle) Coming round the corner, we spotted the old house (-ing form) number arv A grammatical distinction which contrasts singular and plural in nouns (story-stories), pronouns (I-we),
They are still sleeping. They are swimming in the sea. What are they doing? What's happening? Why aren't you doing your homework? Aren't I sitting up straight? 89 m ar H am + am is verb ing Gr elp are 4Form the present progressive tense like this: am + present participle is + present participle are + present participle 4The present participle is the form of a verb ending with -ing. For example: show + ing = showing come + ing = coming 4You have to double the last letter of some verbs before you add -ing. For example: get + ing = getting rob + ing = robbing nod + ing = nodding stop + ing = stopping
phenomenon, where a word, without adding any affixes, is being used in a different word class. Conversion is productive in English. Noun to verb o Bottle, pot, highlight, fingerprint, holiday, nuke, friend (defriend, unfriend), skyrocket, trash talk, emcee Verb to noun o Catch, bounce, meet, swim Adjective to verb o Dirty, Past participle to adjective o Broke, drunk, Phrasal verb to noun o Breakdown, break-in, break-off, breakthrough, setback, setup, Closed class words o The ins and outs o The whys and wherefores Affixes o Ologies, isms and ists Whole phrases o Holier-than-thou attitude 28. Compounds Compounds are formed by joining two or more root morphemes or combining forms into a
If we could travel in time, I would go to the future. If we knew the future, we could change it. 4) Advice: If I were you, I would go on holiday. You would enjoy better health if you stopped smoking. 3 The Third Conditional expresses imaginary situations and regrets about the past; If I had had time, I would have helped you. In the if-clause we use the Past Perfect, in the main clause we use would have + the Past Participle. We can also use could have or might have in the main clause: If I had known about it, I could have phoned you yesterday. The short form -‘d can be either had or would: If you’d called me, I’d have come to see you. (= If you had called me, I would have come to see you.) It can sometimes be used to criticize people or point out their mistakes. If you’d been more careful, you wouldn’t have caused the accident. Linking words used in Conditionals
The list of irregular verbs Basic Form Simple Past Past Participle Form (II) Form (III) 1. abide abode (abided) abided (mlgi juurde) jääma, (mlstki) kinni pidama, (mdgi) järgima (by) 2. arise arose arisen tõusma, esile tulema või kerkima 3. awake awoke awoken (üles) ärkama, virguma; (üles) äratama,
He quietly shut the door. 3) but after the verb to be Mary is frequently late. 2. before Adjectives and other Adverbs: reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective) terribly sorry (adverb + adjective) incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb) It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good. I’m terribly sorry. I didn’t want to hurt you. Maria learns languages incredibly quickly. 3. before a Past Participle (injured/organised/written etc.): Two people were seriously injured in the accident. The meeting was very badly organised. Adverbs of Place (where?) 1. Usually the verb and the adverb of place go together: go home live in a city If the verb has an object, the adverb of place comes after the verb + object: take somebody home meet a friend in the street 4 Adverbs of Time (when? /how often? /how long?) normally go after adverbs of
Conditional Present First past Second past je serais j'aurais été j'eusse été tu serais tu aurais été tu eusses été il serait il aurait été il eût été nous serions nous aurions été nous eussions été vous seriez vous auriez été vous eussiez été ils seraient ils auraient été ils eussent été Imperative Participle Present Past Present Past sois aie été étant été soyons ayons été été soyez ayez été été été ayant été Infinitive Gerundive Present Past Present Past
Will you be needing any more help with this, or can I go home now? Will you be seeing Michael next week? If so, could you give him this? Will you be going to the shops later? If you go, could you buy me some potatoes? 5. It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans. The band will be performing live in Paris this summer. 5 Future Perfect In the Future Perfect Simple we use will have + a Past Participle I/you/he/she/we/they will have completed I’/you’/he’/she’/we’/they’ll have completed Negative I/you/he/she/we/they will not have finished I/you/he/she/we/they won’t have finished Question Will he have cooked? In the Future Perfect Continuous we use will have been + an ing-form I/you/he/she/we/they will have been reading I’/you’/he’/she’/we’/they’ll have been reading
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