Exami materajal
the outputs. Before PALs were introduced digital designers would use SSI (small-
scale integration) components, such as 7400 series nand gates and D-flipflops. One
PAL device would typically replace dozens of such 'discrete' logic packages, so the
SSI business went into decline as the PAL business took off. PALs were used
advantageously in many products, such as minicomputers, as documented in the best-
selling book "The Soul of a New Machine."
Early PALs were programmed using PALASM language files (converted by a
compiler into JEDEC ASCII/hexadecimal files) and a special electronic programming
system available from either the manufacturer or a third-party, such as DATAIO.
Gang programmers were used when more than just a few parts were needed and for
large volumes the manufacturer would fabricate a custom metal mask for
manufacturing so electrical programming could be eliminated to reduce cost.
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