coast · March 18, 1942 order to relocate all individuals of Japanese ancestry from the stragegic areas · Up to 120,000 Japanese were transported to 10 relocation centers · The larger Japanese population on Hawaii (about 150,000) was mostly not interned Of 127,000 Japanese Americans living in the continental United States at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, 112,000 resided on the West Coast. About 80,000 were nisei ("second generation"; Japanese people born in the United States and holding American citizenship) and sansei ("third generation"; the sons or daughters of nisei). The rest were issei ("first generation"; immigrants born in Japan who were ineligible for U.S. citizenship). · 1988 Congress passed a bill apologizing for the internment. The legislation said that government actions were based on "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership". The U.S
transposition (normally used with the J19 code), and the transposed codetext was then enciphered on the PURPLE machine. The solution, which on the basis of the number of combinations involved might have been expected to take geologic eons, was completed in just four days. The intercepts ordinarily needed to be translated, and translation was the bottleneck of the MAGIC production line. Interpreters of Japanese were even scarcer than expert cryptanalysts. Security precluded employing Nisei or any but the most trustworthy Americans. Through prodigious efforts in 1941 the Navy doubled its GZ translation staff —to six. These included three whom Kramer called "the most highly skilled Occidentals in the Japanese language in the world." But ability in standard Japanese alone did not suffice. Each translator had to have at least a year's experience in telegraphic Japanese as well before he could be trusted to come through with the correct interpretation of a dispatch
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