"naturalkind" - 1 õppematerjal

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historical theorist's causal­historical proposal as getting the cases right, but make it into a descriptive condition. Kroon defends this primarily by extend- ing the "naming after" objection. Natural-kind terms and "Twin Earth" Kripke (1972/1980) and Hilary Putnam (1975a) went on to extend both the semantic theory of rigid designation and the Causal­Historical Theory of referring from singular terms to some predicates or general terms, chiefly naturalkind terms, common nouns of the sort that refer to natural substances or organisms, like "gold," "water," "molybdenum," "tiger," and "aardvark." Such expressions are not singular terms, since they do not purport to apply to just one thing. But Kripke and Putnam argued that they are more like names than they are like adjectives. Semantically they are rigid; each refers  Proper names: Direct Reference and the Causal­Historical Theory 59