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at once. Shakespeare could mean as many as five different things in a single
utterance.
3 It did not come chronologically first, but was presented in Grice (1968).
4 In particular, let us confine the discussion to declarative sentences, though Grice
was careful to address imperatives and others as well.
5 Yes, it has. Can you believe that?
6 One possible fix, suggested to me by the late Wendy Nankas, is to talk not just
of activation but of reinforcement.
7 Ziff's case is strongly similar to an example of J. O. Urmson's regarding
thumbscrews, discussed by Grice (1969: 1523). In response, Grice offered what
he labels "Redefinition I"; but I have never seen exactly how that redefinition
was supposed to rule out this kind of counterexample. There is a set of examples
begun in conversation by Dennis Stampe, Stephen Schiffer, and P. F. Strawson,
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