Estonian University of Life Sciences Report on Soil Microflora By Katrin Vares Tartu 2013 Introduction The purpose of this report is to define soil microflora and establish the importance of it. Since the microorganisms clearly play an important role in preserving the balance of life, the next objective is to look into factors that influence this balance. Natural conditions and cultural impact could be considered as the variables that correlate the most with the activity and composition of microflora, hence some of the natural and cultural factors will be looked into a little more in detail. Definition, composition and importance of microflora
The steps that need to be progressed depend on the kind of impurities that are found in the water. This can differ very much for different types of water. In which ways is polluted water treated? Settling Before the purification process begins some contaminants, such as oil, can be settled in a settling tank. They can then be removed easily, after they have reached the bottom of the tank. Removal of dangerous microorganisms Often polluted water has to be freed from microorganisms. The water is than disinfected, usually by means of chlorination. Removal of dissolved solids Microrganisms are not only a threat to water; they can also be an advantage when it comes to water purification processes. They can convert harmful contaminants to harmless substances. This biological purification process usually takes a long time and it is only used for water that is polluted with contaminants that the microrganisms, usually bacteria, can convert. Physical/ chemical techniques
mis piiravad geomeetrilises progressioonis toimuvat kasvu. Nendeks piiravateks faktoriteks on: ainevahetuseks vajalike ainete lõppemine; hapniku hulga vähenemine; H+ hulga suurenemine (pH langus); toksiliste lõpp-produktide kogunemine. Kiiresti kasvavatel bakteritel kestab tasakaalustatud kasvuperiood vaid ligikaudu 30 min ja täielik kasvu lõppemine saabub 18-24 tunni järel. Kasutatud kirjandus: 1) Brock biology of microorganisms (2012). Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David A. Stahl, David P. Clark. ISBN/ISSN: 9780321735515 2) Mikrobioloogia loengud. 3) Микробиология (2012). Нетрусов, Александр. Издательский центр «Академия». Üliõpilane: Diana Laknovskaja
Dead organic material functions as a nutrient pool. The two major nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological fixation, and phosphorus is created by precipitation. The most distinctive characteristic of tundra soil is its permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of ground. The average winter temperature is -28°C, but the average summer temperature is 3-16°C. During the brief summers, the top section of the soil may thaw out allowing plants and microorganisms to grow and reproduce. However, these plants and microorganisms become dormant during the cold winter months. Soil is formed slowly. The constant freezing and thawing in the tundra helps to break the rocks into smaller pieces. Permafrost consists mostly of gravel and finer material. The arctic tundra is also a windy place and winds can blow between 48 to 97 kilometres. The tundra is basically like a desert when it comes to precipitation
Environmental problems Nimi Klass Biodiversity The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity, is commonly referred to as biodiversity. The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Appropriate conservation and sustainable development strategies attempt to recognize this as being integral to any approach. In some way or form, almost all cultures have recognized the importance of nature and its biological diversity for their societies and have therefore understood the need to maintain it
b) Koch Stefan, Goller Bernhard, Kubbies Manfred c) EP0941307 d) International: A61K48/00; A61M1/02; C12M1/00; C12M1/36; C12M1/36; C12M3/00; C12N15/09; C12N5/10; (IPC1-1): C12M3/00 Cooperative: A61M1/0209; C12M23/14; C12M23/34 e) C12M23/14A C – Chemistry, Metallurgy C12 – biochemistry, beer, spirits, wine, vinegar, microbiology, enzymology, mutation or genetic engineering C12M – apparatus for enzymology or microbiology; apparatus for culturing microorganisms for producing biomass, for growing cells or for obtaining fermentation or metabolic products, i.e. bioreactors or fermenters C12M23/00 - Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges (flow directing inserts in C12M27/18-C12M27/24; apparatus for chemical or physical processes in general B01J, chemical or physical laboratory apparatus in general B01L) C12M23/02 - Form or structure of the vessel (large containers B65D88/00) C12M23/14 – Bags 8.3.2
kooslus V Kõrgelt eutroofne, orgaaniliselt Navicula atomus Piiratud ränivetikate kooslus reostunud vesi, väga halb Nitzschia palea Ränivetikate kooslus on ülimalt veekvaliteet Väikeserakulised ränivetikad piiratud orgaanilise saasteaine sissevoolu tõttu Kasutatud kirjandus 1. Sigee, C. David, 2006. Freshwater Microbiology. Biodiversity and Dynamic of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment. John Wiley & Sons, LTD.
geothermal hot water. Negative aspects of geothermal energy The main concern is the release of hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten egg at low concentrations. Another concern is the disposal of some geothermal fluids, which may contain low levels of toxic materials. Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, eventually specific locations may cool down. Biomass energy Biomass is any material that comes from plants or microorganisms that were recently living. Trees, branches, scraps of bark, and recycled paper are common sources of biomass energy. Manure, garbage, and crops such as corn, soy, and sugar cane can also be used as biomass feedstocks. We get energy from biomass by burning it. Wood chips, manure, and garbage are dried out and compressed into squares called "briquettes." Biomass can also be converted into biofuel. A major advantage of biomass is that it can be stored and used when it is needed.
3 for water). Several hundred of these have a pH too low to support any aquatic life. Aside from aquatic bodies, acid deposition can significantly impact forests. As acid rain falls on trees, it can make them lose their leaves, damage their bark, and stunt their growth. By damaging these parts of the tree, it makes them vulnerable to disease, extreme weather, and insects. Acid falling on a forest's soil is also harmful because it disrupts soil nutrients, kills microorganisms in the soil, and can sometimes cause a calcium deficiency. Trees at high altitudes are also susceptible to problems induced by acidic cloud cover as the moisture in the clouds blankets them. Damage to forests by acid rain is seen all over the world, but the most advanced cases are in Eastern Europe. It's estimated that in Germany and Poland, half of the forests are damaged, while 30% in Switzerland have been affected.
Humiinhape Keemiline valem Humiinhape Humic acid has the average chemical formula C187H186O89N9S1 and is insoluble in strong acid (pH = 1). One of two classes of natural acidic organic polymer that can be extracted from humus found in soil, sediment, or aquatic environments. The process by which humic acid forms in humus is not well understood, but the consensus is that it accumulates gradually as a residue from the metabolism of microorganisms. Transition and heavy metals--for example, Fe3+ or Pb2+--as well as other compounds having aromatic or hydrophobic (water-insoluble) chemical structures (i.e., organic pesticides or anthropogenic hydrocarbons), react strongly with humic acid. This property makes it an effective agent in sequestering many of the pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Fulvohape Väiksema molekulmassiga kui humiinhape.
Wood, J. D., G. R. Nute, and R. I. Richardson. 2004. Zhu, L., and S. Brewer. 1998. Discoloration of fresh Effects of breed, diet and muscle on fat deposition and normal, PSE, and DFD pork during retail display. eating quality in pigs. Meat Science 67(4):651–667 Journal of Food Science 63:763–767. Chapter 3 Meat Decontamination Panagiotis N. Skandamis, George-John E. Nychas, and John N. Sofos Introduction microorganisms, such as coliforms and Escherichia coli (at levels 10 to 107 CFU/cm2 Food animals, whether infected or asymp- or higher). However, there is also a potential tomatic carriers, are sources of spoilage and for contamination with pathogens such as pathogenic microorganisms. More specifi- Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, cally, animals carry microorganisms on their Campylobacter spp., and others (Gill and
rakendused (vaktsiinide, antibiootikumide jt ravimite tootmine, aminohapete ja vitamiinide mikrobioloogiline süntees jne). • Keskkonnatehnoloogilised rakendused – keskkonnareostuse likvideerimine mikroobide abil (biotaastamine e.Mikrobioloogia bioremediatsioon). I 2017 • Mikroobikoosluste uurimine: nt inimese Õppematerja lid Brock Biology of Microorganisms 2006 Eleventh Edition by Michael T. Madigan and John M. Martinko Kohaviit TÜ raamatukogus N X B- 698 (kokku 18 eksemplari). Mikrobioloogia I 2017 Brock biology of microorganisms / Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David A. Stahl, David P. Clark 2012 1150 lk. ISBN/ISSN: 9780321735515 TÜ Raamatukogus 22 eksemplari. Mikrobioloogia I 2017
tissue culture-based processes, or horizontal gene transfer in living plants, using vectors such as the Agrobacterium bacteria to transfer DNA into a host organism. In fact, the term should be used in a much broader sense to describe the whole range of methods, both ancient and modern, used to manipulate organic materials to reach the demands of food production. So the term could be defined as, "The application of indigenous and/or scientific knowledge to the management of (parts of) microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so that these supply goods and services of use to the food industry and its consumers.[2] Biotechnology combines disciplines like genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology and cell biology, which are in turn linked to practical disciplines like chemical engineering, information technology, and biorobotics. Patho-biotechnology describes the exploitation of pathogens or pathogen derived compounds for beneficial effect.
Kui pööratav protsess toimub isotermaalselt (temperatuur ei muutu), siis süsteemil tehtud töö dW võrdub süsteemi vaba energia kasvuga. Vastupidi, süsteemi vaba energia vähenemise arvelt saab isotermaalses protsessis teha tööd. dF = -dW 9. Mida tähendab eksponentsiaalne kasv? Kuidas kirjeldada eksponentsiaalset kasvu - poolestusaeg, kasvu (eri)kiirus, poolduvate rakkude kasvudiagramm? Kasv, mida kirjeldataks eksponentsiaalse funktisooniga. o Microorganisms in a culture dish will grow exponentially, at first, after the first microorganism appears (but then logistically until the available food is exhausted, when growth stops). o A virus (SARS, West Nile, smallpox) of sufficient infectivity (k > 0) will spread exponentially at first, if no artificial immunization is available. Each infected person can infect multiple new people.
antibody. Cornea and conjunctiva epithelial surface are an effective barrier against bacteria invasion. Due to the regeneration of epithelial cells take place every 5-7 days, therefore microorganism must stick to cells in order to infect them, and this continuous turnover of epithelial cells slows down bacterial adhesion (Postma et al., 2007). In conclusion tear films are likely one of the most essential mechanisms to avoid fixation and colonization by microorganisms in nature (Ely et al., 2017). Etiology Moraxella bovis is the most common etiological agent isolated in chronic and severe instance of IBK. Some of the bacteria characteristics are responsible for taking crucial part to evolve the disease. Especially the components such as pili, discharge of cytotoxin and hemolysin, 2 also outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides. The different virulence strains of the
University of Florida, USA. 2004 Cousin, M. A. Sporeforming Bacteria in Foods. Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Layfayette, IN. 2003 Doyle, M. P., Beuchat, L. R. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. 3rd Edition. ASM Press, Washington, 2007. lk 35-37; 445-452. Giffel, M. C., Wagendorp, A., Herrewegh, A., Driehuis, F. Bacterial spores in silage and raw milk. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2002, 81, lk 625. Lampel, K. A. Bad Bug Book, Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins. 2nd Edition. FDA, USA. 2013, lk 83 – 86; 109 – 110. Murray, P., Pfaller, M., Rosenthal, K. Medical Microbiology. 7th Edition, Saunders, Elsevier. 2012, lk 209 – 215; 327 – 337. Ray, C. G., Ryan, K. J. Sherris Medical Microbiology. 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education, USA. 2014, lk 483 – 487. Roasto, M., Breivel, M., Dreimann, P. „Toiduainetööstuse tootmishügieen“. Halo kirjastus, Tartu. 2001, lk 155; 279 – 285. Setlow, P
g. insects moulting hatched eggs moulting (fur / feathers) R leaves 2 (b) Primary consumers are eating and… producers have, cell walls / cellulose; ora difficult to digest / much material, wasted / egested; energy used by gut microorganisms; ora much material cannot be eaten (by primary consumer); ora 3 [10] 7. (i) plasmid cut by restriction enzyme; at specific sequence; same enzyme as used to cut (insulin) gene; sticky ends / described; ref. complementary sticky ends;
MIKROBIOLOOGIA I ( loeng 1.) 1. September 2009 Õppematerjale: 1. ,,Brock biology of microorganisms" by Michael T. Madigan 2. ,,Microbial Life" ( www.sinauer.com/microbial-life/index.html) 3. ÕIS 2009 õppematerjalid 1. ELU TEKE MAAL: · Maa vanuseks on määratud 4,6 miljardit aastat. · Vanimad leitud mineraalid on tsirkoonikristallid ( 4,4 miljardit aastat vanad ). · Vanimad settekivimid on leitud Gröönimaalt ( 4 miljardit aastat vanad ) vee olemasolu. · Vanimad bakterite kivistised on prekambriumist.
2 detection of fermentation products is commonly used in bacterial identification. Acids, alcohols and gases are usually detected in these tests when bacteria are grown in selective liquid or solid media. The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody antigen binding as the basis
(D) discovery 7. Throughout the nineteenth century, a succession of improvements in textile machinery steadily increased the volume of cloth and garment production. (A) attractiveness (B) refinement (C) quantity (D) caliber 8. The human environment, in the biological sense, is chiefly a hostile one. (A) mostly (B) actually (C) normally (D) partially 9. All of the outer surfaces of the human body are covered with microorganisms that are potentially harmful. (A) intolerable (B) annoying (C) intrusive (D) unhealthy 10. One remarkable form of communication among insects is the dance language of the honeybee. (A) substantial (B) exceptional (C) mysterious (D) tangible 11. The celebrated beauty of Maine's landscape and the character of its people have given the state a stature beyond its political and economic importance. (A) renowned (B) appealing
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