Microcontroller homework for week 04 1. SNR - Ratio of RMS signal to RMS SINAD - Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) ENOB - The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD THD - Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. SFDR - Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. Channels related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. Linearity relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linearity. Temperature is measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. 2. The output code is 001111012 and the voltage of the LSB is 0,0195V ...
Microcontroller homework for week 10 1. PID control scheme: Equation describing the PID control: Differences between ,,bang-bang" control and proportional control: Proportional 0%...100% As error decreases, output decreases, e.g. reduces overshoot ,,Bang-bang" 0% or 100% Only 2 states (that's why also called On/off control). It has feedback. Similar to PWM ouput signal. Integral and Derivative terms in the PID equation: These are time-based terms: theintegral is an integral over some time period, and the derivative is the derivative between two time periods. Derivative to measure how fast the error is changing; rate of change in error gives indication of the size of the load; allows output to rapidly respond to changing inputs and compensate for varying loads and still offset error. Integral accumulation of errors; long-term control parameter; pushes the output towards the setpoint if PID control settled at offset fro...
Microcontroller homework for week 05 1. Treshold, sensitivity, (full) range, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, hysteresis, noise 2. VO = RH/(RT+RH) = 0.381356 V 3. A) 100 B) 212,464 4. A) B) R1 = 16,67 k C) D) E) RF = 10k, RL = 28k2, RH = 107k F) Before scaling: 2.35 steps/°C. After scaling: 3.42 steps/°C 5. Some things were assumed, as they were not given. 30 = 1,13V 40 = 0,976V So 35 should be between 40 and 30. Assuming about 1,053 V. Same for 5 degrees... Assuming about 1,725 V. 35 degrees digital 1,053/10*1024 = 107,8272 5 degrees digital 1,725/10*1024 = 176,64 177 108 = 69 ADC counts, 30 degrees SPAN 69/30 = 2,3 ADC ...
Microcontroller homework for week 07 1. A) 40000 counts B) 36000 counts The difference between 20MHz and 18MHz is 4000 counts. 2. A) 555,555 counts more B) Higher resolution is caused by increased sampling rate. 3. A) Because the mixer needs additional components B) The mixer approach multiplies the frequency shift you want to measure, but also any other frequency shift. This includes drift caused by component heating, noise, etc. 4. The output waveform according to input: 5. A) 100 Hz B) 500 Hz C) 1 kHz 6. In an electrical system, a ground loop usual...
Microcontroller homework for week 11 1. 2. I would choose schematic C because the Fly-Back on C is with zener-diode and on the output two diodes are used, witch are placed correctly as are the resistors, so the schematic would function as required.
Microcontroller homework for week 12 1. Three different stepper motors (illustrations on page 162-163): · permanent-magnet, · variablereluctance, · hybrid. The VR stepper has a soft iron rotor with teethand a wound stator. As current is applied to two opposing stator coils, the rotor is pulled into alignment with these twocoils. As the next pair of coils is energized, the rotor advances to the next position. The permanent magnet (PM) stepper has a rotor with alternating north and south. As the coils are energized, the rotor is pulled around. This figure shows a single coil to illustrate the concept, but a realstepper would have stator windings surrounding the rotor. The PM stepper has more torque than an equivalent VR stepper. The hybrid stepper essentially adds teeth to a permanent magnet motor,resulting in better coupling of the magnetic field into the rotor and moreprecise movement. In a hybrid stepper, th...
Microcontroller homework Week 05 Question 1. Treshold, sensitivity, range, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, hysteresis, noise Question 2. Assuming Rh= 9kΩ Vo=0.381V Question 3. A) RS=100 Ω B) RS=212,464 Ω Question 4. A) B) R1 = 16,67 kΩ C) D) E) RF = 10k, RL = 282k, RH = 107k F) Without scaling: 2.35 steps/°C. With scaling: 3.42 steps/°C
Midterm Exam Microcontrollers and Practical Robotics Question 1 Convert the decimal number 43.982 to (a) binary and (b) hex. Show all your calculations. a.) 101011.111110 b.) 2B.FB6 Question 2 Perform the calculation of 58 – 42 by first converting each decimal value to binary and then using the twos complement method. Show all your calculations 5810=001110102 4210=001010102 Converse to twos complement 4210=001010102=110101012+1=110101102 Then 58+(42) 001110102 +110101102 = 000100002 =1610 Question 3 Given the following bridge circuit for a strain gauge, determine the value of the strain gauge resistance {RS}. Let: VIN = 5V R3 = 100 Ω R2 = 50 Ω R1 = 100 Ω 2 Midterm Exam - Solutions a) Under no strain (VOUT = 0 V) b) When VOUT = 0,5 V {under strain}. Solution: a) Under no strain: R1 R3 R1R4 R2 R3 VOUT ...
Read Chapter_6_Analog_Outputs.pdf and Chapter_8_EMI_ElectroMagnetic_Interference.pdf Question 1 Given the below open sensor detection: a. Derive equations for both outputs VO and Vsense as a function of VR, R1, Rth, RH, RL and RF. b. What value will appear on each output if the thermistor fails (becomes an open circuit)? c. How can the above schem be modified to implement temperature reading with open sensor detection using only one ADC and one digital input pin of the microcontroller? Solution: a. Derive equations for both outputs as a function of VR, R1, Rth, RH, RL and RF. Rth Writing the equation for V1 : V1 VSense VR th R R1 V0 V2 VR V2 V2 Writing the equation for V2 :
CS CS CS A9 A9 A9 0 A10 1 DC 2 A11 3 11. You are designing a multi-user interface that stores user preference data on external memory. You decided to use a PIC18F45K20 microcontroller and 24C02C EEPROM memory. Your microcontroller needs to generate a block wave that will act as a clock signal to synchronize data transfer to and from the memory. a) Choose a suitable clock frequency, based on the capabilities of the EEPROM module and the PIC. Suitable clock frequency is 0-400 kHz (from datasheet) b) Assume the clock frequency of the PIC is 16 MHz and one instruction cycle lasts 4 clock periods. Further assume that one loop of your algorithm requires 4
11 00 0000 0000 - 11 11 1111 1111 (0xC00-0xFFF) Three inputs NAND chip and scheme Scheme used four of the PROM chips and four three-input NAND gates (CS = chip select pins) Scheme to coonect 12 input pins MP address to four PROM 10 address pins == MEMR (Merory Read) 11. You are designing a multi-user interface that stores user preference data on external memory. You decided to use a PIC18F45K20 microcontroller and 24C02C EEPROM memory. Your microcontroller needs to generate a block wave that will act as a clock signal to synchronize data transfer to and from the memory. a) Choose a suitable clock frequency, based on the capabilities of the EEPROM module and the PIC. b) Assume the clock frequency of the PIC is 16 MHz and one instruction cycle lasts 4 clock periods. Further assume that one loop of your algorithm requires 4 instruction cycles. Determine the total delay time for completing a command cycle sent to
c) Vin = 0.836 V V¿ 0. 836 ∗RS ∗17 k 2,09 V 2,09 ∗1 ∗1 = =1000kHz RL 100 k 0,4∗170∗1 f OUT = = = =10 0 0000 R t∗ct 6,8 k∗0,01 μ 68 μ Question 5 Question 6 One of the reasons for using time/frequency based measurements in microcontroller systems is to be able eliminate ground loops. Explain the unwanted ground loop that may occur in an electrical scheme with the help of a figure. Ground loop refers to an unwanted current in an electrical system. This is caused by a conductor that is connecting two points that are supposed to have same potential, but actually have different potentials, often ground. Noise and interference in electronics are mostly caused by falsely installed or created ground loops. Ground loop occurs when
LM331.pdf). Assume Rs = 17 kΩ. Determine the output frequency (fOUT). a) Vin = 0.0836 V b) Vin = 0.418 V c) Vin = 0.836 V Solution: Determine the output frequency (fOUT). From the chart, Rs = 17 kΩ, RL = 100 kΩ, Rt = 6.8 kΩ, Ct = 0.01 µF. a) For Vin = 0.0836 V, fOUT= 100 Hz b) For Vin = 0.418 V, fOUT= 500 Hz c) For Vin = 0.836 V, fOUT= 1kHz Question 6 (10 marks) One of the reasons for using time/frequency based measurements in microcontroller systems is to be able eliminate ground loops. Explain the unwanted ground loop that may occur in an electrical scheme with the help of a figure. Solution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity) In an electrical system, a ground loop usually refers to a current, almost always unwanted, in a conductor connecting two points that are supposed to be at the same potential, often ground, but are actually at different potentials.
Dynamic Range 1 Calibration 2 Bandwidth 5 Processor Throughput 6 Avoiding Excess Speed 7 Other System Considerations 8 Sample Rate and Aliasing 11 2 Digital-to-Analog Converters 13 Analog-to-Digital Converters 15 Types of ADCs 17 Sample and Hold 26 Real Parts 29 Microprocessor Interfacing 30 Serial Interfaces 36 Multichannel ADCs 41 Internal Microcontroller ADCs 41 Codecs 42 Interrupt Rate 43 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43 Design Checklist 45 v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93
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