Puhas ammoniaak on väga mürgine ja lausa surmav. On ohtlik silmadale ja kontsentreerituma lahuse sissehingamisel põhjustab hingamislihaste krampi. Ärritab tugevasti silmi ja hingamisteid. Põhjustab pisaravoolust, nina-kurguvalu, köha, hingamisraskust, valu rindkeres. Suuremate kontsentratsioonide korral raske hingamisteede ja kopsude kahjustus, s.h kopsuturse, võimalik on äkksurm. Niiskusega reageerides tekib söövitav ammooniumhüdroksiid, mis kahjustab silmi ja nahka. Metanool (Methanol - raketi kütuses) Metanooli ehk puupiiritust (CH3OH) kasutatakse lahustina ja seda sisaldavad puhastusained, karburaatorivedelikud. Metanooli on müüdud/müüakse ka nn salaviinana. Metanool ise ei ole ohtlik, kuid mürgised on selle lammutamisel organismis tekkivad ained sipelghape ja formaldehüüd, tekitades eluohtliku seisundi. Eluohtlikuks metanooli annuseks loetakse 30-240 ml. Maksimaalne sisaldus organismis tekib 30-90 minutiga, mürgistuse nähtude ilmnemiseni kulub 1-72 tundi.
lahjendamist. Hiljuti, saavutas etanool populaarsuse võrdlemisi ohutu koduküttena. Etanooli abil põletatakse kaminas süütenööri ning tulekoht piiratakse klaasiga, et vähendada avarii tõenäosust ja piirata ebavajaliku hapniku juurdepääsu. Veel üheks plussiks selle juuures on see, et 100% eraldunud soojusest jõuab ruumi. Kasutatud kirjandus. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ethanol.shtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etanool http://www.methanol.org/Methanol-Basics/The-Methanol-Industry.aspx http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanool http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/methanol
tihedus on 0,794 g/cm³. Etanool lahustub veega igas vahekorras. Etanooli saab toota mitmetel viisidel: viinamarjade, puuviljade ja teiste suhkruid sisaldavate lahuste või tärklist sisaldavate produktide kääritamisel; Puidutöötlemisjääkide töötlemisel; Nafta krakkgaasides sisalduva eteeni hüdraatumisel. Etanooli peamised kasutusalad on alkohoolsed joogid, värvid ja erinevad lakid, ravimid, kütused jne... Kasutatud kirjandus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol http://www.eava.ee/opiobjektid/mto/biokytus/12_metanool_ja_etanool_kolbmootorit e_ktusena.html
Replacement Fuels, Society of Automobile Engineers, Paris. November 10, 1942 – February 16, 1943, published by Editions L.C.M. 121 Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris. (4) Taylor, E.S. , Taylor, C.F. 1961, The Internal Combusion Engine, 2nd ed., International Textbook Co., Seraton, Pennsylvania, USA. (5) Freeman, J.H. 1976. Alcohols A Technical Assessment of Their Application as Fuels, no. 4261 American Petroleum Institute, 2101 L St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA. (6) Holmer, E. 1978. Methanol as a Substitute Fuel in the Diesel Engine, A.B. Volvo Truck Division, S-40508 Göteborg, Sweden, page 1. (7) Mingle, J.G. 1979. Converting Your Car to Run on Alcohol Fuels, Bulletin 56, Oregon State University, Engineering Experiment Station, Corvalis, Oregon 97331, USA. (8) Nichols, R.J. 1979. Modification of a Ford Pinto for Operation on Methanol, for State of California, Proceedings Third International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology May 29-31, Asilomar, California; U.S. Dept
Peale destilleerimist saadakse puhas biodiisel, mida võib kasutada harilikus diiselmootoris. Kütused bensiinimootoritele: MTG Metanoolist on võimalik toota kõrge oktaanarvuga mootorikütust. Üldjuhul on eduktiks maagaas, millest metanooli toodetakse. Metanoolist või dimetüüleetrist toodetakse omakorda süsivesinike segu, kasutades tseoliit katalüsaatoreid. Viited: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanool http://www.poel-tec.com/kraftstoff/methanol.php https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennstoffzelle https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil-Prozess https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyd https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylether https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtuseelement
Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature. It has a pungent, distinct odor and may cause a burning sensation to the eyes, nose, and lungs at high concentrations. Formaldehyde is also known as methanal, methylene oxide, oxymethylene, methylaldehyde, and oxomethane. Formaldehyde can react with many other chemicals, and it will break down into methanol (wood alcohol) and carbon monoxide at very high temperatures. Formaldehyde is naturally produced in very small amounts in our bodies as a part of our normal, everyday metabolism and causes us no harm. It can also be found in the air that we breathe at home and at work, in the food we eat, and in some products that we put on our skin. A major source of formaldehyde that we breathe every day is found in smog in the lower atmosphere. Automobile
kõrval on olemas ka teisi, palju ohutumaid ja isegi looduslikke säilitusaineid. Lihtsalt need on kallimad ja kosmeetikafirmad ei saaks sel juhul nii palju kasumit. Parabeene on leitud: beebide nahahooldustoodetes, puhastajates, deodorantides, niisutajates, näokreemides, meigitoodetes (k.a lauvärvides), küünelakkides, šampoonides ja teistes juuksetoodetes, päevituskreemides jne. Alkohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol, methanol, benzyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, SD alcohol). Need alkoholid, mida leidub ka kõige enam nahahooldustoodetes, on nahka kuivatavad ja ärritavad. Need alkoholid rikuvad naha loomuliku pH taseme, muutes naha veel vastuvõtlikumaks bakteritele ja viirustele. On ka alkohole (cetyl alcohol, cetearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, lanolin alcohol), mida kasutatakse mõnedes nahahooldustoodetes niisutava, pehmendava ja emulgeeriva ainena ning mis ei ole nahale nii kahjulikud
4 < NO < NO < ClO
3
The four major uses of coal are: 15.4.1 For electric power Coal is used to generate almost half of all electricity produced in the United States. Besides electric utility companies, industries and businesses with their own power plants use coal to generate electricity. Power plants burn coal to make steam. The steam turns turbines which generate electricity. 15.4.2 For industry A variety of industries use coal's heat and by-products. Separated ingredients of coal (such as methanol and ethylene) are used in making plastics, tar, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and medicines. The concrete and paper industries also burn large amounts of coal. 15.4.3 For making steel Coal is baked in hot furnaces to make coke, which is used to smelt iron ore into iron needed for making steel. It is the very high temperatures created from the use of coke that gives steel the strength and flexibility for products such as bridges, buildings, and automobiles.
several O-heterocyclic carbonyls have been identified in wood smoke (e.g., furfuralde- The Main Groups of Compounds hyde and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde). The phenolic fraction of wood smoke con- Wood smoke contains several aliphatic sists of about 250 components, with 85 of and aromatic alcohols, including methanol, them identified. Phenols are formed primar- ethanol, allylalcohol, n-amylalcohol, benzyl ily due to pyrolysis and oxidation of lignin, alcohol, and phenylethylalcohol. Methanol at comparatively low temperature (200– may be the substrate for the generation of 400°C), and cellulose at 700°C. The total formaldehyde and formic acid. contents of phenols depend on the kind of The group of carboxylic acids in wood
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