Van Schendelen, Rinus. Ch 8 'Lobbying and EU democracy', Machiavelli in Brussels (Amsterdam, 2005) pp. 311-350. LOBITÖÖ JA EUROOPA LIIDU DEMOKRAATIA Demokraatia kriteeriumid Lobitööd Euroopa Liidus (edaspidi EL) on sagedasti ja avalikult kritiseeritud selle nn kahjustavate mõjude üle EL demokraatlikule funktsioneerimisele. Erinevate riikide massimeedia on teinud avastusi, et eu lobitöö fenomen tekitab inimeste seas kriitikameelsust ning hirmu, nagu juhtus Suur-Britannias kaheksakümnendatel, Skandinaavial üheksakümnendatel ja Saksamaal varastel kahetuhandendatel, millele järgnevad veel teisedki lõuna- ja idapoolsed riigid. Eriline kriitika oli mainitud 1992. aastal Euroopa Parlamendi (edaspidi EP) istungil, kus arutati lobitöö kohta ning istungi vastaspoolel oli kolm suuremat süüdistust. Esiteks, teevad kõige rohkem lobitööd multirahvustega industr...
Send experts to talk with victims Observe trials Interview local officials Monitor global and local media Publish detailed reports Inform the news media Publicize our concerns in documents, leaflets, posters, advertisements, newsletters and websites How they help stop human rights abuses? Public demonstrations Letter-writing campaigns Organise human rights education Awareness-raising concerts Direct lobbying Targeted appeals Email petitions and other online actions Partnerships with local campaigning groups Community activities Co-operation with student groups How does Amnesty International get its information? Their research teams focusing on particular countries and themes investigate reports of human rights abuses, cross checking and corroborating information from a wide variety of sources and contacts
- Intellectual property rights, including patents and copyrights, give a monopolist exclusive control over the production and selling of certain goods. - Property rights may give a firm the exclusive control over the materials necessary to produce a good. Deliberate Actions: A firm wanting to monopolize a market may engage in various types of deliberate action to exclude competitors or eliminate competition. Such actions include: collusion, lobbying governmental authorities, and force. Government-granted Monopoly A government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; · potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement.
sustaining a competitive advantage for the goods and services that are produced. At the business level, the strategy formulation phase deals with: o positioning the business against rivals o anticipating changes in demand and technologies and adjusting the strategy to accommodate them o influencing the nature of competition through strategic actions such as vertical integration and through political actions such as lobbying. y functional strategy - The functional level of the organization is the level of the operating divisions and departments. The strategic issues at the functional level are related to business processes and the value chain. Functional level strategies in marketing, finance, operations, human resources, and R&D involve the development and coordination of resources through which business unit level strategies can be executed efficiently and effectively
Large investments are required in the Romanian district heating systems. CHP plants and heat-only boilers must be replaced for environmental reasons. Distribution losses are enormous . Organisation is a rather large obstacle for district heating in Romania (Tabel ). The municipalities are now mostly in charge of the district heating systems but much lobbying is required to achieve improvements and it takes time to reach an investment decision. Corruption is common. Some politicians and employees try to make their own profit on DH business. Financing difficulties largely concern insecurity whether customers will remain because many have disconnected from district heating. National and local control is a certain barrier because DH companies partly get heat production costs covered by central Government and City Councils
And we have our own fair trade programme called Community Trade, making us the only cosmetics company with such an extensive commitment to trading fairly. Community Trade now works with 31 suppliers in 24 countries, providing over 15,000 people across the globe with essential income to build their futures. The Body Shop is a leader in the trend towards greater corporate transparency, and we have been a force for positive social and environmental change through our lobbying and campaigning programmes around our five core Values: Support Community Trade, Defend Human Rights, Against Animal Testing, Activate Self-Esteem, and Protect Our Planet. We also have our own charity, The Body Shop Foundation. Launched in 1990 (registered charity no. 802757) we give financial support to pioneering, frontline organisations that otherwise have little hope of conventional funding. The Foundation's focus is to assist those working to achieve progress in the areas of
Euroopa Liit KORDAMISKÜSIMUSED EKSAMIKS 2014 Arutlusküsimused: Kas föderatsioon USA moodi on võimalik? Mis on selle eeldused? Kas EL saab olla vaid majandusekeskne? Kas Eesti kodanikul on Euroopa kodaniku identiteet? Kas viimane suudab asendada esimest? Kas föderatsioon on realistlik perspektiiv? Kas klassik föderatsioonile on alternatiive? Kas igasugune lõimumine tähendab suveräänsuse kadu? Kuidas komisjon ametisse saab? Kas alati olnud igal riigil 1 volinikukoht? Mis saab siis kui liikmesriikide arv suureneb? Komisjoni miinused/plussid? Kui suur aga üldse on EL'i roll globaalselt? kas Euroopa Liidu näol on tegemist rahvusvahelise organisatsiooniga või on siin hoopis tegemist föderatsiooniga, millegi riigilaadsega? kas EL on midagi täiesti unikaalset? kas EL tähi...
Euroopa Liidu eksamikonspekt Euroopa komisjon EK (Euroopa komisjon)on kaasatud otsuste vastuvõtmise protsessides kõikidel tasanditel. Tihti EK võim on veel suurem, selle tõttu, et teised EL-i institutsioonid ei taha või ei saa tagada tugevat juhtimist. Komisjon on EL süsteemi südames. Kohalemääramine ja koosseis Komisjonäride kolleegiumis alguses oli 9 liiget, siis see arv kasvas, sellega kui liitusid uued riigid. Igast riigist pidi olema vähemalt üks komisjonär, aga suuremad riigid esindasid isegi kahte, kuni oli Nizza sametini, kus oli kokkulepitud, et iga liimkesriik, saab nomineerida ühte komisjonääri, ning nende maksimum arv on 27. Igal komisjonääril on oma pädevus ning oma valdkond ja kõik saavad kokku komisjonäride kolleegiumil. Vanasti EP ja Komisjoni side oli üsna nõrk. Asjaolud muutusid Amsterdami lepingu pärast. Pärast seda EP määrab ametisse EK presidendi (keda nomineerib Euroopa Nõukogu) ning kinnitab kogu kolleegiumi (kogu...
Hiljuti USAs aset leidnud sündmuste ülevaade Obama kirjutas alla seaduseelnõule, mis suurendab USA võlalimiiti President Obama kirjutas alla Kongressi mõlemast kojast läbi pääsenud seaduseelnõule, mis laseb valitsusel laenata rohkem raha, et maksta sotsiaalkindlustushüvitisi ja riigitöötajate palkasid. Seega on riigi rahandusministeeriumil võimalus laenata $17.2 triljoni piirini, ilma et sellega kaasneksid eelarvekärped muude valdkondade arvelt nagu Obama juhitud tervishoiureform (BBC News, 13.02.2014). Samuti kirjutas president alla eelnõule, mille raames taastatakse nooremate veteranide hüvitised varem kehtinud tasemele. (NBC News, 16.02.2014) Samasooliste paaride õigused Kuu aja jooksul võtsid kahe USA osariigi Kansase ja Arizona kojad vastu sarnased eelnõud, mille kohaselt ei ole nimetatud osariikide ettevõtjad sunnitud pakkuma teenuseid samasoolistele paaridele, kaitstes sellega teenusepakkuja religioosseid uskumusi. Eelnõu...
form. When asked if he felt he received a good return on his contribution of $300,000, he smiled and replied, "I think next time, I'll give $600,000." Honesty of this sort is rare in politics. For the most part, the givers and takers join voices to dismiss the idea that campaign contributions, free trips, and Super Bowl tickets would bias the opinions of "sober, conscientious" government offi- cials. As the head of one lobbying organization insisted, there is no cause for con- cern because "These [government officials] are smart, mature, sophisticated men and women at the top of their professions, disposed by training to be discerning, critical, and alert" (Barker, 1998). And, of course, the politicians concur. Regularly, we hear them proclaiming total independence from the feelings of obligation that in- fluence everyone else. One of my own state representatives left no room for doubt
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