ENGLISH IDIOMS Nõmmik Vilian Apprentice 10 "A" class Ahtme Gymnasium Kohtla-Järve Relevance of the topic Ø The English language becomes the means of international communication, the language of trade, education, politics, and economics. People have to communicate with each other. It is very important for them to understand foreigners and be understood by them. Goal of my research work Ø Goal of my research work is to prove that idioms in the English language are integral part of it, which make our speech more colorful and authentically native. Tasks I like to achieve the following tasks: 1. To classify idioms; 2. To study the problem of the translation of idioms; 3. To understand the aim of the modern usage of idioms; 4. To distinguish different kinds of idioms; 5. To...
the words and or or. The order of elements cannot be reversed. Short and sweet. Lo and behold. Phrasal verbs a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it must be taken as a whole. Look after, look forward to. Lexical fields There is diachronic (historical) lexicology that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general lexicology (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular language); special lexicology (studies specific features of a separate language); contrastive (compares vocabularies in different languages). Componential analysis refers to the description of the meaning of words through structured sets of semantic features, which are given as "present +", "absent -" or
*blending-botel(boat plus hotel), candygram(candy plus telegram) Abstract neologisms are words in which no word building type is present. Random letters are put together. Nonce words are made up by the writer to sound original, expressive or humerous. (nt, togetherness, withness, to hamletize) Such words are not used by other people as a rule, but some words found their way to engl. (nt, snob-Thackery). Etymology has 2 meanings: the origin of words and it's a branch of lexicology that studies the origin of words. Voc is divided into 2 cathegories:native and borrowings. A native w belongs to the original english stock. A borrowing is a word taken from another language. Modern Engl is the result of development of Germanic trikes(inimhulk) that settled on Br isles on 5-6 century, they wre Angles, Saxons, Jutes. In Middle Engl periods (11-15 cent)there were 5 mail dialects: Northen, East-central, west-central, south-western, kentish. The basis of E became the London dialect
that they are "one of the gang". Used by many social groups. Reason the appearance of slang lies in the speakers desire to be original, witty and sometimes a protest against the standards. If such a word is used widely it seizes to be slang and becomes common or neutral word. E.g. skyscraper, taxi, piano, photo, pub. The history of slang is short. The word boose has been slang word even since it was coined at the 16 th century. Slang is formed by word building means (see lexicology) as well as figures of speech. E.g. upper-storey (head), bread (money). Metonymy is used shirtwoman. Hyperbole killing astonishing. Irony clear as mud. In slang a word is sometimes spelt backwards. Then it is calles backslang e.g. rum-mur, top o reeb pot o beer, yob-boy. There is also so called rhythmical slang. It comes from cockney e.g apples and pairs standing for stairs, trouble and strife wife. Slang is noted for the great number of synonyms
read the theory 2. collect material 3. regularity (1-2 hours a day deal with your paper) The first draft of term paper should be ready by March. Supervisors are: 1. Suliko Liiv (country study, grammar, contrastive studies, methodology) 2. Liliana Skopinskaja (methodology) 3. Jaanika Marley (foneetika, methods) 4. Ene Alas (translation, methods) 5. Paul Rüsse (literature (Am.,Br.), methods) 6. Annika Namme (American literature, methods) 7. Irina Ladusseva (lexicology, methods, stylistics) Choose your topic and find a supervisor. Language needs to be very transparent, but do not use colloquial elements and abbreviations (e.g. I'll, you're). Start collecting the expressions you like (e.g. "many" "the abundance" etc.) How to elaborate a topic? collaborate with supervisor (a topic has to be narrowed down). Background studies who else has written about this topic (what has been already done and what else I can do here)
From the point of view of stylistics, they are 2 different modes of expression, because they carry different stylistic overtones. Spoke is archaic and so used either in elevated style or sometimes in everyday's speech for the sake of humour. Spoke is just the ordinary way of expressing this meaning. The structure of words e.g endlessnessnessness the very notion of endlessness (Irish writer somebody) Syntax e.g neutral one: He came in inversion: In came he, in he came Lexicology Many pairs of synonyms, the borrowed word (french, latin, etc) is bookish, literary and native one is neutral. e.g finish (B) terminate (N), understand comprehend, heavenly-selestial, think-cogitate. e.g He came home drunk. He returned to his residence in a state of intoxication (number of bookish words) Irony! My parent has passed away (literary) My old man has kicked the bucket (disrespect) In written or oral speech, the choice of words may be peculiar, individual, so unexpected
To eat to partake to gobble To die to expire to go west To kill to slay to make away / to do in To begin to commence to get going Stylistics is a very special science because it has no fixed single unit of study. In contrast to other linguistic sciences (e.g. lexicology (words), morphology (word structure), syntax (structure of sentences), phonetics (sounds and intonation) stylistics studies everything that FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 3 makes the utterance of the text expressive. Stylistics cuts right across all the basic linguistic sciences. Phonetics: "silent sleepy streets" (alliteration; lexicology) "quiet noiseless streets" sentence
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan lang...
English lexicology 1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words. o About 10 000 loans from Norman French, 75% are still in use o Continuing Latin influence Early Modern English. 200 000 – 250 000 words o English becomes a pluricentric language. o Polyglot. Cosmopolitan language Modern English. 500 000 words o At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2....
are attached to the main content The form of speech may vary depending on the speaker, the listener and the circumstances they both find themselves (to begin-to commence--to get going) Stylistics studies everything that makes the text or the utterance special. It cuts across all the basic linguistic sciences: · Phonetics--silent, sleepy streets · Morphology--speak, spoke, spake · Syntax--he came in-in came he · Lexicology--finish-terminate (synonymic pairs) A survey of the development of stylistic studies: It is a relatively new branch in philology; yet, its roots go back as far as ancient Greek and Rome where the rhetoricians cultivated the art of clear and elegant use of language. 18th cent--emerged an individualistic-psychological view on style and stylistics. According to that, style bears the stamps of individual usage: every writer has a unique pattern of habits and abilities that form his style. Fr
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