Islam
Modern times (1918present)
After World War I losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European
protectorates or spheres of influence. Since then most Muslim societies have become
independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of Israel
have assumed prominence.
The 20th century saw the creation of many new Islamic "revivalist" movements. Groups such
as the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and JamaateIslami in Pakistan advocate a totalistic
and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies. Sometimes called Islamist, they see
Western cultural values as a threat, and promote Islam as a comprehensive solution to every
public and private question of importance. In countries like Iran and Afghanistan (under the
Taliban), revolutionary movements replaced secular regimes with Islamist states, while
transnational groups like Osama bin Laden's alQaeda engage in terrorism to further their
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