Rahman Malik, Syed Ameer Ali, Ahmed Deedat and Yusuf Estes. Montgomery Watt and Norman Daniel dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and polemics. As a result of immigration, many Muslims have formed significant communities in the United States and Europe (particularly Britain, France and Germany). A concern for Muslims has been the practice of their faith, and retention of their values and identity. The rise of Islamophobia, according to Carl Ernst, had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West. Paul Berman considers this to be "reactionary turn in the intellectual world" represented by Western scholars who idealize Islam. Tariq Ramadan argues for the creation of a "European Islamic culture" that takes into account the customs and reality of life in Europe, while respecting Islamic values and guidelines.
In modern times Islam has come under criticism from idealogues such as Ibn Warraq who criticize Islamic law and question the morality of the Qur'an; for example, they say that its contents justify mistreatment of women and encourage antisemitic remarks by Muslim theologians;such claims are disputed by Muslim scholars. Montgomery Watt, Norman Daniel, and Edward Said dismiss many of the criticisms as the product of old myths and medieval European polemics. The rise of Islamophobia, according to Carl Ernst, had contributed to the negative views about Islam and Muslims in the West. Denominations Islam consists of a number of religious denominations that are essentially similar in belief but which have significant theological and legal differences. The primary division is between the Sunni and the Shi'a, with Sufism generally considered to be a mystical inflection of Islam rather than a distinct school. According to most sources, approximately 85% of the world's
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