FOREST
INSECTS
The control of forest insects: general considerations
Eating bugs Annika Annika History Hunters and gatherers ate bugs to survive Christians and Jews ate bugs "At first the males are better to eat, but after copulation the females, which are then full of white eggs." Main info 1,462 species of edible insects crickets, cicadas, grasshoppers, ants, worms and scorpions, tarantulas. Insects used as a source of nutrients and insects as condiments Pesticide use can make insects unsuitable We eat from one to two pounds of insects each year Most of insects are caught wild except for silk moth pupae Ants have a lemon tang Giant water bugs taste of mint Fire ant pupae taste of watermelon Where it`s popular and how they eat them? Africa, Asia, and Latin America Winged termites are collected and fried, roasted, or made into bread. With cornmeal porridge. Beekeepers are considered virile, because they regularly eat larvae from their beehives
BEES Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bee, in nine recognized families, though many are undescribed and the actual number is probably higher. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-pollinated flowering plants. Bees are adapted for feeding on nectar and pollen, the former primarily as an energy source, and the latter primarily for protein and other nutrients
Viies tase Muutke teksti laade Information Teine tase Kolmas tase Neljas tase Length: body 50 cm -80 cm. Tail 30 cm- Viies tase 50 cm. Weight: 5 kg-10 kg. Adobe: swamps, undrewoods and cultural Landscapes. Food: birds, insects, small rodents, berries. Puppies: 4-7 Life: 3-10 years. (captivity 25 years) Looks: He has a very fluff coat. This gives the impressioon he would weighs as more Badger Muutke teksti laade Teine tase Kolmas tase Neljas tase Viies tase Muutke teksti laade Information Teine tase Kolmas tase
Picure0 Fauna Picture1 Contents · Facts · Mammals · Imphibians · Birds · Summary · My opinion · Fish · References · Insects · Reptiles · Danger Facts · Animals living mostly in forests · Birds first animals in Estonia · 135,600 species of incents · 350 species of verebrates Mammals · 65 different species of mammals · No endemic species Picture2 · Tremendous amount Picture3 · Specific mammals in Estonia · Importance Picture4 Picture5 Imphibians · Most common: grassfrog
pieces. Permafrost consists mostly of gravel and finer material. The arctic tundra is also a windy place and winds can blow between 48 to 97 kilometres. The tundra is basically like a desert when it comes to precipitation. Only about 150-250 millimetres of precipitation (mostly snow) fall each year. When water saturates the upper surface, bogs and ponds may form, providing moisture for plants, and breeding thousands of insects that attract many migrating birds. Animals are adapted to handle cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the very short and cool summers. Some animals have grown thick fur that turns white in the winter. Others find a place to hibernate during the winter months. Many plants have dark red leaves that allow the plant to absorb more heat from the sun in the cold tundra climate. All of the plants are adapted to sweeping winds and disturbances of the soil
carnivores. The dominant animals are burrowers and kangaroo rats. There are also insects, arachnids, reptiles and birds. The animals stay inactive in protected hideaways during the hot day and come out to forage at dusk, dawn or at night, when the desert is cooler. In semiarid deserts many animals find protection in underground burrows where they are insulated from both heat and aridity. These animals include mammals such as the kangaroo rats, rabbits, and skunks; insects like grasshoppers and ants; reptiles are represented by lizards and snakes; and birds such as burrowing owls and the California thrasher. The animals living in coastal deserts are: insects, mammals (coyote and badger), amphibians (toads), birds (great horned owl, golden eagle and the bald eagle), and reptiles (lizards and snakes). Widely distributed animals in cold deserts are jack rabbits, kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice, pocket mice, grasshopper mice, and antelope ground squirrels
Sloths live in Central and South America. Sloths are mostly about the size of the small dog. They are about 50- 60 cm long. Sloths have short, flat heads , big eyes , a short snout, long legs and tiny ears , and they also have stubby tails. Sloths move only when necessary and even then very slowly : they can move at a marginally higher speed if they are in immediate danger from a predator (4.5 m or 15 feet per minute), but they burn large amounts of energy doing so. They may eat insects, small lizards, and carrion, but their diet consists mostly of buds, tender shoots, and leaves, mainly of Cecropia trees. It lives about 30 years long. Sloth moves very slow , thats why they are called a lazy animal. On the ground their maximum speed is 0.54 meters per second (1.2 mph).
for the plant. This is called photosynthesis. When the weather gets cold, broad leaves are not good for the plant, as they lose too much moisture and get damaged. So the trees cut off the water supply to the leaves and seal off the leaf stems where they join onto the tree trunks. The leaves are not able to produce the chlorophyll that makes them green. The leaves become yellow, red or gold before they dry up and fall off the trees. Animals: A wide variety of mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles can be found in the deciduous forest biome. Mammals that can be found include bears, raccoons, squirrels, skunks, wood mice, and deer. Animals like bobcats, elk, bison, mountain lions, timberwolves, and coyotes used to be found in the deciduous forests, but have been hunted down by humans and almost wiped out. Melting snow in spring and rain during summer provide water for streams and ponds. Many water birds, insects, and fishes are found in this
Emu The information about Emu The emu is the largest bird in Australia. There are three subspecies of emus in Australia. They are soft-feathered, brown and they reach up to 2meters. The feather structure prevents heat from flowing into the skin, permitting Emus to be active during the midday heat. Emus can live between 10 and 20 years. They have long legs and they can sprint at 50 km/h. They feed on a variety of plants and insects and they drink seldom,and they may travel long distances to find food. They are endowed with good eyesight and hearing. Interesting facts Emus ingest stones to grind food in the digestive system. Females can mate several times and lay several batches of eggs in one season People growns emus on farm to get emus meat, feathers and emu oil. Emu fat is rendered to produce oil for cosmetics, dietary supplements, and therapeutic products. A baby Emu
Poison dart frog Dart frog Dart frogs lives in central and south America, in tropical rain forests. This specie belongs to Dendrobatidae family of frogs. Poison dart frogs eat insects, ants, termites, and beetles. Appearance The size of the frog may vary from 1.5 centimeters to 6 centimeters. Some poison dart frogs weigh as less as 2 grams and are about the size of a paper clip. Their colouring can be yellow, gold, copper, red, green, blue or black. Colourful skin is very appealing yet venomous. Dart frog venom These frogs some species are absolutely lethal. Poison dart frogs keep their poison in their skin and this can kill anyone that touches them.
v Bird habitats of Estonia: v Estonian climate v More than 1400 lakes v Estonian rivers v Estonian islands v Forests v Natural or seminatural grasslands Grasshopper Warbler (võsa- ritsiklind): v Breeder, transit migrant v Medium-sized v Insectivorous v Colour: adult – brown back, gray underparts v Consevation status – least concern v Eggs and nest v The song Brambling (põhjavint): v Breeder, transit migrant v Medium-sized v Mostly eats seeds, feeds youngsters with insects v Colourful v Consevation status – least concern v Eggs and nest v v Common Kingfisher (jäälind) : v Breeder, winterer v Sparrow-sized v Mainly on Fish v Blue upperparts, orange underparts, long bill v Consevation status – least concern v Eggs and nest v The song v Summary: v Bird protection is highly common v Birds have several variations to choose where to live References: v Leibak, E., Lilleleht, V., & Veroman, H. (1994). Birds of Estonia. Tallinn: Estonian
which approximately 900 species have been identified. Some genera of the tarantulas hunt prey primarily in trees and other genera hunt on or near the ground. All tarantulas can produce silk; while arboreal species will typically reside in a silken "tube tent", terrestrial species will line their burrows with silk to stabilize the burrow wall and facilitate climbing up and down. Tarantulas mainly eat insects and other arthropods, using ambush as their primary method of prey capture. The biggest tarantulas can kill animals as large as lizards, mice, and birds. Tarantulas are found in tropical and desert regions around the world. Most tarantulas are harmless to humans, and some species are popular in the exotic pet trade. Some species, while not known to have ever produced human fatalities, have venom that can produce extreme discomfort over a period of several days.
health medisine. They were using it mixed with water. Today, there are cows who give little milk, but a lot of soft and tasty meat, the cows whose milk is very rich in fat and cows, whose milk is not quite as rich in fat,but theres a lot of it. In our country we have the famous estonian red,estonian native and estonian black and white ox.But in the world there are about 300 breds of ox. device. Nud is the called cow without horns. for controlling Horseflies, mosquitoes, flies and other insects they have a long thick tail with tufts of hair on the end. The body is covered with hair. The coat is short and smooth,and it can be black, red, gray, black, or red-spotted, speckled, and white. they have four strong legs for attendance with two hoofs on each foot. The cow is a herbivorous animal. Cow eats a lot and quickly. he grabs Grass with his hard tongue in its mouth but cows do not not bite it, but tears it from earth and swallows it whole. besides milk we get form cows meat and skin
young birds are duller and lack the red combs Habitat Red Grouse is endemic to the British Isles The British population is estimated at about 250,000 pairs with around 15,000 pairs in Ireland Pretators like Hen Harrier, foxes and sometimes dogs hunt them. What they eat? The Red Grouse is herbivorous and feeds mainly on the shoots, seeds and flowers of heather. It will also feed on berries, cereal crops and sometimes insects. Breeding form pairs during the autumn males become increasingly territorial as winter progresses nest is a shallow scrape up to 20 cm across which is lined with vegetation six to nine eggs are laid, mainly during April and May glossy and pale yellow with dark brown blotches eggs are incubated for 19 to 25 days, the chicks can fly after 12 to 13 days after hatching and are fully grown after 30 to 35 days The Red Grouse and humans
JAANIMARDIKAS Enne jaani võib õhtuti metsaservades ja teeäärtes märgata rohekalt helendavaid täpikesi. Tegemist on jaaniusside, teaduskeeles jaanimardikatega (Lampyris noctiluca). Teaduslik nimetus ütleb ära, et jaaniuss pole tegelikult "uss" (nagu näiteks vihmauss), vaid hoopis mardikas. Rahvapärase nimetuse on nad saanud tiibadeta emasloomade järgi, kes meenutavad ussikesi. Nende rohekas helendus on peibutusmärguanne lennuvõimelistele isastele. Helendust põhjustab lutsiferiini-nimelise valgu lagunemine ensüüm lutsiferaasi toimel. Valgu nimetus vihjab ebamaisele olendile langenud inglile Luciferile. Juuniöödel säravaid rohelisi täpikesi võiks siis nimetada põrguvürsti tulukesteks. Lagunemisreaktsioon toimub spetsiaalsetes rakkudes fototsüütides, mille kogumid asuvad tagakeha tipul kutiikula all. Lutsiferiini lagunemiseks on vaja hapnikku. Seega sõltub helenduse intensiivsus eelkõige hapniku juurd...
· Washing bat · Linseed bag · Linen cloth · 0 · Shrove ride with horses · Little bench feets upwards · Fir's branches SHROVE TUESDAY'S WEATHER WISDOMS: · When there is a melt on Shrove Tuesday, there 's gonna be short spring · When there is cold weather on Shrove Tuesda, there's gonna be cold spring · When there is a snowdrift you can get a lot of grain · Long icicles betoken long linen · Wind betoken a lot of berries · Snowfall a lot of insects in the summer SHROVE TUESDAY'S FOODS: · Bean's and pea's soup · Grit's porridge · Pig's feets · Semlas SHROVE TUESDAY'S PROPHECY: · Girls put cleared pig bones to one of the rooms in drying barn. Who's bone dog at first took in its mouth, this girl will get merried soon. · Shrove whirligig brings luck · The first women who reached to sauna, that brings her good family luck TYPICAL WORKS ON SHROVE TUESDAY · Take to field 3 loads of dung · Shearing
•Mentha vagans – gray mint Cultivation • The most common and popular mints for commercial cultivation are peppermint (Mentha × piperita), native spearmint (Mentha spicata), Scotch spearmint (Mentha x gracilis), and cornmint (Mentha arvensis); also (more recently) apple mint (Mentha suaveolens). • Mints are supposed to make good companion plants, repelling pesty insects and attracting beneficial ones. They are susceptible to whitefly and aphids. Different uses for mint • Culinary - The leaf, fresh or dried, is the culinary source of mint. • Medicine - Mint was originally used as a medicinal herb to treat stomach ache and chest pains. There are several uses in traditional medicine. • Cosmetics - Menthol from mint essential oil (40–90%) is an ingredient of many cosmetics and some perfumes. Menthol and
hard frost · Summer mulch as soon as plants are established Pilt1 Mulch materials · Leaves · Manure · Hay · Sawdust · Seaweed · Straw · Grass clippings · Paper · Clover · Crop residue Pilt2 Pilt3 Stone mulching · Suitable for any vegetation · Particularly well for trees, flowers and other decorative vegetation. · Ideal for bacteria, earthworms and other burrowing insects. · Adds minerals to the soil · Adding a bit of glamour to plants Pilt4 Stone mulching bad things · Weeds grow between the stone · You can put new layer of stone or picking up weeds Pilt5 Pilt6 Plastic mulches · Cheap · · Effeciently Convenient · Quick conserve · durable moisture
6% Insectophobia Pteromerhanophobia Hematophobia 6% Other 17% 9% What kind of phobia do you have? Explanation: Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places. Altophobia- Fear of heights. Insectophobia - Fear of insects. Pteromerhanophobia- Fear of flying. Trypanophobia- Fear of injections. Hematophobia- Fear of blood. Graphs 17% Yes No 83% Do you have a phobia? 38% Male Female 62% Gender
Acid deposition may influence forest vegetation and soils. It removes soil nutrients such as calcium and magnesium from soils in high elevation forests. Acid rain may also help weaken natural defenses of some trees, making them more vulnerable to some diseases and pests. Acid rain wears away the waxy protective coating of leaves, damaging them and preventing them from being able to photosynthesize properly. Many animals and insects are sensitive to acidification. Frogs are relatively tolerant of low pH, but the insects upon which they feed are not. Lichens, mosses and fungi are also particularly sensitive to acid deposition. Acid rain may lead to increases in nitrogen in forests. Nitrogen is important plant nutrient, but it some situations it leads to nitrogen saturation. Nitrates can remove additional calcium and magnesium from the soils. Social effects
Laagri kool Ämblikute sigimiskäitumine Juhendaja: Liivi Lents Koostaja: Britmarii Kroon 8.Klass Harjumaa 2008 Sisukord: Sissejuhatus ............................................................................................. -3- Sisu .......................................................................................................... -4- -5- Kokkuvõte ............................................................................................... -6- Lisa 1 ....................................................................................................... -7- Lisa2 ........................................................................................................ -7- Lisa3 .................................................................
has plenty of drainage holes. Cultivation outdoors • Sowing seeds “close together” • Wait until the soil is warm enough • pH should be about 6.4 • Adding compost to your soil at the beginning of the season is a great way to enrich the soil organically Companion planting • Often used as a companion plant for tomatoes • Some gardeners claim that basil can improve the growth and flavour of tomatoes and repel insects Pests and diseases • Basil has a reputation as an insect repellent, particularly for mosquitoes • Despite its insect repellent properties, basil is subject to a variety of pests • Whiteflies are primarily a problem for young plants in the greenhouse • Pests may vary depending on your region Harvesting • Traditionally, the best time to harvest basil is in the morning when the essential oils are strongest
Also was found out that it is possible to treat oncological diseases or hereditary diseases of a brain and nervous system by using genetic engineering and research inflammatory and immunological diseases. In the economic plan genetic engineering is very favorable. First of all, terms of creating of a new sort are reduced to a minimum, and it means that time and money, which are usually left for selection works, are saved. Secondly, genetically modified products are steady against insects and do not need toxic chemicals and productivity of genetically modified organisms is much higher, than of the usual organisms. On the other hand, geneticists recognize that intervention in a genome of live organisms can not completely be safe. In organisms are happening mutagen changes which can have strong negative impact on the human and it can be badly reflected on the human's health. Introduction in a human diet of mutagen food can lead to
Lääts (Lens culinaris) Sissejuhatus • Vana kultuurtaim, Eestis harva viljeldatav • Ökoloogiliselt puhas kultuur • 1000 seemne kaal 25-65 g • Liblikõieline • Üheaastane • Isetolmleja • Kõrgus kuni 50 cm • Õied on läätsel valkjad või õrnsinise tooniga, paiknevad varrel kas üksikult või kobaras • Jässakad kaunad, milles kuni neli väikest lapikümarat seemet • Seemned 3-9mm http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6LtokJ0w_yc/VWRi0hQfX_I/AAAAAAAAMdM/uV8ibkxnPpo/s1600/Masur-dal.jpg • Lääts sarnaneb koostiselt ja toite väärtuselt herne või vikiga • 25% proteiini, 1,8% toorrasva, 54% lämmastikuvabu ekstraktiivaineid ja 2,7% toortuhka • Harva loomasööt http://www.canadiangraininc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/shutterstock_224871049.jpg • Eristatakse väikeseseemnelisi ja suureseemnelisi läätsi • Leitakse, et väiksematel läätsedel on mõnevõrra parem maitse lähtuvalt seemnete kooreosa suuremast osakaalust. ...
o They make dens and hiding places for the small panda cubs. Cubs are born in June or July. o Red pandas have one to four babies in a year. o For the first four months, cubs eat milk. o After they start looking for food with their mother. o Baby red pandas are born blind. o Foo d Red pandas mostly eat bamboo. o o They eat fruit acorns, grass, nuts, flowers, berries, roots and eggs too. They even eat insects, birds and chicks. o o Red pandas can spend 13 hours a day looking for and eating bamboo. Ho w r e d p a n d a s go t t he i r na me ? The red panda has a catlike face. This has earned them a name "firecolored cat." The name "panda" comes from the Nepalese word poonya, which means "eater of bamboo." Some f a c t s a b ou t r e d pa nd a s o Over the winter red pandas often lose up to 15% of their body weight. They live 8 to 14 years in the wild. o
· Unique birds capable of flight include the Haast´s eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kaka and kea parrots. · Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and tuatara. · There are four endemic species of primitive frogs. · There are no snakes and there is only one venomous spider, the katipo, which is rare and restricted to coastal regions. · However, there are many endemic species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world. Sport, music, culture. · Sport is very popular in NZ. The most populars are rugby, cricket, netball, golf, football, basketball, volleyball, tennis, snowboarding, skiing, lawn bowling, softball, field hockey, surfing, sailing. · NZ musicians have adopted the same genres as exist in other Western countries. A number of artists have
recession () and rising unemployment, when people can no longer afford ( ) housing, and governments cut down public housing expenses. Inadequate shelter or housing creates conditions that promote disease. Without decent ( ) protection, many of the poor are exposed ( ) to severe ( ) and dangerous weather as well as to bacteria and viruses carried by other people and animals. They also are more likely to become infected with diseases carried by insects or rodents (). In arid()regions, drought leaves the poor without clean water for drinking or bathing. In temperate climates, including in the major cities of developed countries many of the homeless poor are harmed by or die of exposure ()to extreme winter cold. Inadequate shelter almost always accompanies inadequate sanitation and unhygienic practices. Because the poor in developing nations commonly have no running water or sewage() facilities, human excrement and garbage
Lianas are especially characteristic of tropical moist deciduous forests and rainforests. Fig trees Ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes, and hemiepiphyte in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/programmes/tv/jungle/vjungle.shtml 1.3. Describe these features Canopy insects ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Bats ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Primates
Giving birth throughout the year, females can have litters of up to four kittens, but usually only one or two survive. Born spotted, the kittens stay with their mothers for about 18 months, after which time they will leave in search of their own home range. The Mountain Lion is capable stalk-and-ambush predator; the cougar pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources include ungulates such as deer and bighorn sheep, but it hunts species as small as insects and rodents The Cougar prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, but it can live in open areas. The cougar is territorial and persists at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. A single male lion may require up to 175 square miles of territory for its home range. They prefer wild areas frequented by deer. One lion will consume about one deer per week. A lion will cover
of sunflower seed and meal is considered a by-product. Sunflower meal is an excellent livestock feed, especially for ruminants. For the last several years, the supply of U.S. sunflower meal has been somewhat inconsistent. That is changing as the domestic market for sunflower oil increases. September the fields and roadsides of the Great Plains erupt in a blaze of yellow as the sunflowers and goldenrods (also members of the sunflower family) make their presence known to the local pollinating insects. While many sunflower species may begin blooming in July, they are not as noticeable then as later on when they have grown up and over the surrounding vegetation. There are eleven species of sunflower recorded from Kansas. Most of them are perennials. Only the common sunflower and H. petiolaris, the Prairie Sunflower, are annuals. Identification of sunflowers can be very complicated because they frequently hybridize and even within species there is a high degree of variability
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform. Estonia is a flat country covering 46 226 square kilometers.Estonian's neighbours are Finland, Sweden, Latvia and Russia. Estonia is rich in islands. The two largest are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa . Saaremaa is famous for its big meteorite crater called Kaali and Hiiumaa is famous for its nature and plants. The countries highest point Big Egg hill ( Suur- Munamägi) reaches 318 meters above sea level. Estonia has many uplands too. The uplands are: Pandivere upland, Otepää upland, Vooremaa upland, Karula upland Haanja upland, Sakala upland. Estonia is covered by about 18 000 square kilometers of forest. Estonia is also rich in lakes and rivers The largest lake is Peipsi and the second-largest lake is Võrtsjärv. The largest river is Võhandu whinch is 162 meters long. Estonia has many national parks. A national park is a p...
The first stage of germination the primary root or radicle emerges. The stem pushes its way upward until it appears above the surface of the soil. At the same time the root system grows downward and begins to spread through the soil. The seedling depends on the foodstore until the frist leaves are produced and photosynthesis is started. 10. What happens in the process of pollination? In the process of pollination the pollen is carried by the wind or insects from the stames to the stigma of the carpel. It germinates on the stigma and grows down the style into the ovary, where fertilization takes place. 11. Name the most important stages in the life cycle of a plant. The most important stages in the life circle of a plant are: 1. Germination 5. The pollination and fertilization 2. The begin of photosynthesis 6. The production of fruit and seed 3
rafting and fishing. It is because of the different biomes that appear in that country. One can do everything one wants to do in different parts of the land. The animal life is also diverse in Canada. There are many interesting animals. Badger is one of them. It belongs to the weasel family. It is one of the biggest in that carnivore family. Good paintbrushes are made from its fur. They eat snakes, squirrels and insects. Snake poison doesn't harm these mammals unless the snake strikes its nose. Moose live also in Canada. They live in marshy areas all around the country. They are reddish brown and the males are bigger than the females. Moose are herbivores. The male moose have big antlers, female ones don't have them. Prairie dogs are very funny-looking animals. They are rodents who live in tunnels under the ground. They are very good diggers. Prairie dogs are 30 centimetres long. They eat insects and grass.
they’re willing to do anything, that could save them from punishment, then they can come up with many creative ways to make the situation better. So now I have to agree with Ken again, we don’t grow into creativity, we grow out of it. Also only hope for better future is to adopt a new conception of human ecology. We should re-think the ways we are living now, most important the ways we are teaching kids to handle the future. Because like Jonas Salk quoted: „If all the insects were to dissapear from the earth, within 50 years all life on Earth would end. If all human beings disappeared from the Earth, within 50 years all forms of life would flourish.“ Ken Robinson made this speech in 2006. Right now it’s 2015. In nine years the world has been developed a bit, but not enough to make a future a better place for our kids. Like Ken sayd: „We may not see the future, but they will.“
10. Why are temperate grassland soils very fertile? (vt. õpik lk 61) Calfication is the dominat soil-forminf process in semiarid regions. When this process works on loess that itself is rich in calcium, the world’s most fertile soils are created, the chernozems. 11. How are animals adapted to life in temperate grassland? The animals that live in grasslands have adapted to dry, windy conditions. There are grazing animals (that eat the grass), burrowing animals, and their predators; insects are abundant. A moderate of level species diversity exists on a grassland. 12. Name some temperate grassland animals. Rhea, saiga, Mongolian gerbil, Prairie dog, bison, coyote, 13. What cultivated plants are grown in temperate grassland? Perennial ryegrass and White Clover 14. How are gullies (gully – uhtorg) formed and how do they restrict human activity? (vt. õpik lk 62) A gully is a landform created by running water, eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside
2 3 Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is the common name for trimethylxanthine (systematic name is 1,3,7- 4 trimethylxanthine or 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione). The chemical is also 5 known as coffeine, theine, mateine, guaranine, or methyltheobromine. Caffeine is naturally 6 produced by several plants, including coffee beans, guarana, yerba maté, cacao beans, and tea. 7 For the plants, caffeine acts as a natural pesticide. It paralyzes and kills insects that attempt to 8 feed on the plants. The molecule was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand 9 Runge in 1819. 10 When purified, caffeine is an intensely bitter white powder. It is added to colas and other soft 11 drinks to impart a pleasing bitter note. However, caffeine is also an addictive stimulant. In 12 humans, it stimulates the central nervous system, heart rate, and respiration, has psychotropic 13 (mood altering) properties, and acts as a mild diuretic.
Miina Härma Gymnasium Acid Rain Report Compiler: Teisi Timma 8a Teacher: Esther Linask Tartu 2009 Acid Rain Acid rain is rain consisting of water droplets that are unusually acidic because of atmospheric pollution - most notably the excessive amounts of sulfur and nitrogen released by cars and industrial processes. Acid rain is also called acid deposition because this term includes other forms of acidic precipitation such as snow. Acidic deposition occurs in two ways: wet and dry. Wet deposition is any form of precipitation that removes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the Earth's surface. Dry deposition polluting particles and gases stick to the ground via dust and smoke in the absence of precipitation. This form of deposition is dangerous however because precipitation can eventually wash pollutants into strea...
The species of dwarf lemur found at the DLC, Cheirogaleus medius, is native to the dry deciduous forests common in western and southern Madagascar. These small lemurs can live in primary forests, established secondary forests as well as the gallery forest of the southern spiny desert. Typically solitary foragers, the dwarf lemurs have a diverse diet consisting mostly of fruit and flower nectar. While they are thought to be less carnivorous than mouse lemurs, they too eat insects and small vertebrates. Dwarf lemurs may be responsible for pollinating some species of baobab trees. In addition, they play an important role in the ecology of the tropical forest by aiding in the dispersal of small seeds. As a part of their normal scent marking routine, dwarf lemurs often smear feces onto branches as they walk along well-traveled arboreal pathways through the forest, thereby providing a perfect microclimate for the germination of parasitic plants common in the forest.
Affordances are directly perceivable potential uses or objects, and are closely linked with ecological optics. When an object moves further away from the eye, its image gets smaller (relative size); most objects are bounded by texture surfaces and texture gradient gets finer as an object recedes. Bruce & Green (1990) argue that Gibson's concept of affordances is most powerful and useful in the context of visually guided behaviour, as observed in insects. For example, objects aren't judged in complete isolation, and the optic array commonly contains far more information than is associated with a single stimulus. The ability to perceive the object as unchanging, despite changes in the sensory information (size, shape, colour, brightness or location) that reaches the eye is called 2 05144023 perceptual constancy
http://www.flickr.com/photos/aeschylus18917/3875510106/ ÕHTLIK VÕRKUR KARAKURT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latrodectus_tredecimguttatus_female.jpg STABLIMENTUM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grass_cross_spider_(Argiope_catenulata)-_Female_W2_IMG_2741.jpg http://www.nature.com/ nmat/journal/v12/n3/full/ nmat3578.html Encyclopedia of Insects LEHTERÄMBLIK LEHTERÄMBLIKU VÕRK http://bugsinthenews.info/?p=5321 VÕRKU MITTE KUDUJAD KRABIÄMBLIK http://www.riinavaikmaa.com/krabiambliku-louna/ VÕRKU MITTE KUDUJAD SÜLITAV ÄMBLIK http://www.insectscience.org/9.62/ref/figure3.html VÕRKU MITTE KUDUJAD
reproduce slowly. They protect themselves from the cold and wind by hugging close to the ground. When plants die the cold weather makes it hard for them to decompose quickly. This makes for poor soil conditions. Most alpine plants are adapted to grow in sandy and rocky soil. Plants have also adapted to the dry conditions of the alpine biome. Some 5. How are animals adaapted to life in the biome ? Tundra: There aren't many different species of insects in the tundra, but black flies, deer flies, mosquitoes and "no-see-ums" can make the tundra a miserable place to be in the summer. Mosquitoes can keep themselves from freezing by replacing the water in their bodies with a chemical called glycerol. It works like an antifreeze and allows them to survive under the snow during the winter. The marshy tundra is a great place for migratory birds like the harlequin duck, sandpipers and plovers.
Many different factors may cause disease. Examples of such are genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies. The reasons that may cause disease can be broadly categorized into the following categories like social, psychological, chemical and biological. Some of them may fall into more than one category. Some diseases are contagious or infectious. Infectious diseases can be transmitted by any of a variety of mechanisms, including aerosols produced by coughs and sneezes, bybites of insects or other carriers of the disease, and from contaminated water or food. 5. First aid There are three main aims of first aid and they are: · preserve life · prevent further injury · promote recovery In addition, some may add a 4 th 'P' protect yourself, although this is not an aim of providing first aid and some would consider that it is covered by 'Prevent further injury'. Much of first aid is common sense and people are almost certain to learn some elements
ka erinevate värvitoonide (kollasest tumepunaseni) saamiseks tekstiilitööstuses Kollajuur - turmeric · Kollajuurt hakati keskajal nimatama ka india safraniks, kune tegemist on väga kalli toiduvärvi safrani võimaliku asendajaga. · Kurkumiin E100 Karmiinpunane E120 The insect produces carminic acid which deters predation by other insects. Carminic acid can be 7--D-Glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro- extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make 3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10- carmine dye (also known as cochineal). Carmine is primarily used as a food colouring and for cosmetics. dioxoanthracenecarboxylic acid Toiduvärvid · Kuna tegemist asovärviga,
walls and have a smoother finish. Load bearing bricks, damp proof and engineering bricks are stronger and have less water absorption properties making these ideal for civil engineering works. Clay brick- an environmental product (slide 14) To sum up the clay brick includes the four natural elements: earth, wind, fire and water. Therefore, they contain no pollutants or allergens and are resistant to noxious insects. They are also known to have a gentle effect on the environment. Most clay brick manufacturers harvest the natural ingredients as close as possible to the natural source, so as to minimise energy consumption and the environmental effect on the land. In most cases, all mined land is also converted lakes and natural preserves. Waste is reduced by converting rubble into usable materials. Burnt brick waste is also
overcrowding and poor hygiene. ✘ Reports and studies reveal that intensive farming affects and alters the environment in multiple ways. Forests are destroyed to create large open fields, and this could lead to soil erosion. It affects the natural habitat of wild animals. Use of chemical fertilizers contaminates soil and water bodies, such as lakes and rivers. ✘ Pesticides sprayed on crops not only destroy pests and contaminate the crops, but also kill beneficial insects. Heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers also affects the workers (who spray the pesticides) and the people residing nearby. Eventually, these chemicals are passed on to human beings, who consume the agricultural produce. ✘ Fruits and vegetables purchased from farms that promote intensive farming are covered with invisible pesticides. These cannot be washed off easily. Exceeding the use of pesticides affects the
4000 years ago. The dingo is an effective hunter. To save their sheep from dingo attacks, farmers built many fences to keep the dingo out. These fences didn't work so in 1946 the government built a single fence which stretched 5400 km from Great Australian Bight in South Australia to near the Queensland coast. The single fence worked better. Lyrebirds are covered with brown feathers. They live in forests and woodland in Australia. They eat insects, spiders, beetles and worms. Male lyrebirds can copy many sounds. Lyrebird gets its name because of the tail of the male bird. It is shaped like a musical instrument called a lyre. There are 2 species of lyrebird, the superb lyrebird, about the size of a rooster, and Albert's lyrebird, which is the smaller of the species. Lyrebirds have mostly brown feathers and although they have wings, they don't often fly. They move about in the forests, running and jumping quickly on their short legs
Munavarguse teooria. Ühena võimalustest on pakutud ka, et dinosaurused ei suutnud oma mune kaitsta. Dinosauruste suuruse tõttu oli nende munade koorumisperiood väga pikk. Imetajatele olid munad ideaalseks söögiks. See ei selgita küll, miks nii palju liike korraga välja suri, või miks atmosfääris sel ajal keemilised muutused toimusid. [1] Putukate pealetung USA Oregoni osariigi ülikooli zooloog George Poinard väidab oma raamatus «What Bugged the Dinosaurs? Insects, Disease and Death in the Cretaceous,» (Mis tappis dinosaurused? Putukad, tõved ja surm kriidiajastul), et putukate pealetung võis dinosaurused hävitada. «Dinosauruste väljasuremise üheks põhjuseks võisid olla hoopis putukad, kes võisid haiguste levitajatena dinosaurustele ohuks muutuda. Seda on näidanud mitmed merevaigus säilinud putukate, kes pärinevad dinosauruste väljasuremise ajastust, uurimine,» selgitas Poinard. [4]
Broadleaf trees tend to be nutrient-demanding and their leaves bind the major nutrient bases. The autumn leaf fall provides for an abundant and rich humus which begins to decay rapidly in spring just as the growing season begins. The humus content gives soil horizons a brown colour. Temperate rainforest: This forest has nutrient-rich soil because there is a lot of dead organic matter on the ground. This dead material is being slowly digested by the fungi, insects, and bacteria that live here. Temperate Grasslands: Calcification is the dominant soil-forming process in semiarid regions. When this process works on a loess that itself is rich in calcium, the world's most fertile soils are created, the chernozems (A Russian term meaning black soil). Taiga: The low temperatures inhibit bacterial and fungal action, so the decomposition rate is low and the leaf litter relatively deep.The soil in the taiga is thin, acidic and not very nutrient rich
Aboriginal lore(the facts and stories about a particular subject or topic) was an important and vital aspect of community life. For example Aboriginal people learned their 'laws' from those Dreamtime stories that informed the listeners about acceptable and unacceptable behaviour together with the punishment offenders received. It also taught and guided the people to survive. Some stories informed them about the life cycle of birds, animals and insects. Others (often called Song lines) were like oral road maps and identified tracks that the people followed when moving around their tribal territory or when visiting other tribes. Aboriginal lore / law required a person who did not 'belong' to a particular area, to be invited or granted permission, to enter into the territory of a tribe. In other words, he or she could not simply wander into the land of another tribe. To do so invited hostility that could result in the death of the
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