Interaction between nerve cells: · Study of reflex : Movements are controlled by spinal cord · Pierre Cabanis ( wondered whether consciousnrss survives beheading. He concluded it does not and that the body's twitches after execution are mere reflex actions, automatisms without consciousness. DURING FRENCH REVOLUTION) · Reflex arc- the reflex pathway that leads from stimulus to response Inferring the Synapse: · Simple reflex (Sherrington's study) reflex considered in splendid neurological isolation, unaffected by activities elsewhere in the nervous system. (doesn't exist for even the lowliest spinal reflex is modified by higher centers in the spinal cord or the brain). An itch will initiate a scratch reflex but if you're the catchman in the trampeze act you'll inhibit it
But Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that words and sentences are more like game pieces or tokens, used to make moves in rule-governed conventional social practices. A "meaning" is not an abstract object; meaning is a matter of the role an expression plays in human social behavior. To know the expression's meaning is just to know how to deploy the expression appropriately in con- versational settings. Wilfrid Sellars' version of this idea makes the act of inferring central; it is the complexity of patterns of inference that allows the "use" theorist to accommodate long, novel sentences. On this view, one sentence entails another, not because the two "express" "propositions" one of which is some- how "contained in" the other, but because it is socially expected that one's neighbor would perform the act of inferring the second sentence from the first. "Use" theories of this kind face two main obstacles: explaining how lan-
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