TheCodeBreakers
communications intelligence. His right-hand man was a Russian
emigrant, Professor Novo-paschenny, who under the Czar had been
attached to an astronomical observatory in Pulkovo, outside St.
Petersburg. He developed much of the technical aspects of the work, but
seems to have held only a relatively subordinate post
as a chief cryptanalyst in one of the national offices, ap parently
Referat V 9, which was probably Russia.
Head of Analytical Cryptanalysis (Gruppe TV) was Dr. Erich
Hiittenhain, who also directed that group's instructional activity (Referat
IVd). Referat IVa, which tested German cryptosystems, frequently with
mathematical tools to calculate theoretical limits of security and to find
improvements, was headed by mathematician Dr. Karl Stein, who held
the rank of lieutenant, surprisingly low for so lofty a position. Referat
IVb, headed by Engineer Wilhelm Rotscheidt, used tabulating machines
and special-purpose devices. It invented the prototype of the translucent-
annaabi.ee 
