Keelefilosoofia raamat
means that P only in the sense that when speakers of English utter that sen-
tence, they always or at least normally (speaker-)mean that P. But here come
the problems.
Obstacle 1
Ziff (1967) offered the following two examples:
George has had his head tampered with: electrodes have been inserted,
plates mounted, and so forth. The effect was curious: when asked how
he felt, George replied by uttering . . . "Glyting elly beleg". What he
meant by [that], he later informed us, was that he felt fine. He said that,
at the time, he had somehow believed that ["Glyting elly beleg"] was
synonymous with "I feel fine" and that everyone knew this.
(pp. 45; by now you will have grasped that George leads a life
more interesting than yours or mine)
A man suddenly cried out "Gleeg gleeg gleeg!", intending thereby to