TheCodeBreakers
Communications System"), or H.N.W. The Chef, H.N.W., served on the
Army general staff. Like the U.S. Army's Signal Corps during World •War
II, it had both communications and intercept-cryptanalysis duties; like
the Signal Corps, it turned over its solutions to Army intelligence for
evaluation and use.
Under Chi's watchful eye, it issued cryptosystems for the troops. For
high-level communications, from the O.K.H. down to regiments, the Army
used the glowlamp Enigma cipher machine. It was reliable, working well
in the Russian winter and the Libyan summer. Signal officers thought it
cryptanalytically secure if—as ordered by 1942 —keys were changed
three times a day. Its chief disadvantage was that it did not print its
output. Battery-powered and portable, it could be operated in a moving
truck and was well adapted to radio work.
Nevertheless, in 1943 a new machine began replacing it in some
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