3 Ensuring optimized values Design/planning measures (position of working rooms) Lighting – Hot departments to different naves in the building Luminous flux – Heat flows emitted by machines should not cross – Materials which are cooling down should place to the fresh air Luminous intensity entrance Illuminance Constructive measures Luminance – Heat insulation Luminous efficacy – Screens
· Why the back diodes are required current reversing · In the steady state mode, the drive has pulsations ripples · In the very accurate drive, the over-speed is 1..10% · The mechanical time constant will be high if Td is low · The friction torque is passive · In the high-efficient electrical drives the overload capacity is high · The counter-torque of the hoist is active · The speed torque relation of a pump is quadratic · The source of the magnetic flux of the motor is permanent magnet · The energy balance is described by Energy conservation law · Which equations are correct P=sW · The angular frequency is 2n/60 2f · The motor torque is equal to P/ TL + Jd/dt · The cheapest and the most reliable is induction motor · The torque production is the result of interaction of current flux · Efficiency of the electrical drive is the power ratio of load to supply · The best electrical drive has efficiency very high
-induction 6. What types of motors are the brushless motors? -DC, synchronous 7. What orthogonal reference frames do you know? -(,)stator; (d,q)rotor;(x,y)arbitrary 8. What natural reference frames do you know? -3 phase 9. What stationary reference frames do you know? -stator 10. Write the frequency equilibriums that you know. -induction:w1=w2+w12;synchronous:w1=w12;DC:w2=-w12 11. What is the result of the mutual motion of the stator and rotor windings? -torque??? 12. What variables does the flux depend on? -L12 I12? L ja I 13. Write the formulae of the synchronous speed. -2*pii*f1/p 14. Write the formulae of the motor speed. -2*pii*n/60 15. If the stator EMF is 150 and the stator flux is 30, what will be the stator field frequency? - 16. If the rotor EMF is 150 and the rotor flux is 30, what will be the slip frequency? - 17. If the slip frequency is 150 and the rotor EMF frequency is 30, what will be the stator field frequency? - 18
Tesla. The synchronous machines are associated with the name of Ferraris. The DC machines are associated with the names of Jacobi and Henry. The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap. The torque is proportional to the current in dc motor. Which equations are correct? P = sW; oomega = tuletis fii'st The angular frequency is 2*pi()*n / 60 ja 2*pi()f The motor torque is equal to TL + J * oomega tuletis aja järgi The inductor supplies the motor with flux. The leading companies in the world market of electrical drive engineering are: Mitsubishi. The energy balance is described by energy conservation law. The armature supplies the motor with current. The cheapest and the most reliable is induction motor. The torque production is the result of interaction of current - flux. The mechanical torque as compared to the electromechanical torque is ?? The source of the magnetic flux of the motor is DC or permanent magnet.
Dubstep & Liquid dnb Sanna-Marcelle Ots 11B Dubstep Elektrooniline tantsumuusika London (20.saj lõpp-21.saj algus) Kaheosalises taktimõõdus rütm või soolotrumm Rõhuvaid ja tumedaid helisi esiletoov bass Tempo üldiselt 140 lööki minutis Löögi asetsemine 3. taktil Dubstepi artiste Srillex Flux Pavilion Deadmau5 Excision Nero Knife party Dubstepi näide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp3UeCgu VVI 2,40 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Q9rewn LFYw Dnb e. drum and bass Elektrooniline tantsumuusika Välja arenenud jungle muusikast 1990. aastate algus Kiire tempi, keeruka bassikäiguga 160-180 lööki minutis Dnb artiste Netsky
teosed: · ,,Lumen et cantus" (ld k valgus 1980. lõpetas G. Otsa nim Tallinna Muusikakooli · Exodus ja laul) flöödi erialal · Flux ,,Päikesevene" · 1984. lõpetas Tallinna konservatooriumis ,,Sümfoonia seitsmele kompositsioonklassi · Magma esitajale" · Hiljem täiendas ennast Lepo Sumera juures · Oxymoron Sümfooniaorkestritele: ,,Magma"
breakbeat'i ja drum and bass'i elemente. Alles aastal 2002 tuli kasutusele dubstepi termin. 2003 hakati BBC Radio 1 kanalil mängima esimesi lugusi, 2004 aasta lõpuks sai dubstep juba Inglismaal üsna populaarseks. 20052008. aastatel hakkas see levima ka väljaspool Inglismaad. 2009 aastast alates on dubstep mõjutanud nii öelda "mainstream" muusikat ja on üldse kogu maailmas tuntuks saanud. Tuntuimad artiste : Borgore, Benga, Flux Pavilion, Doctor P, Nero, Knife Party, Zeds Dead, Datsik, Excision, Emalkay, Mt. Eden, Skrillex Tunnusjooned Dubstep on elektrooniline muusikastiil, mille tempo on üldjuhul 138142 lööki minutis. Bass toob esile tumedaid helisid ja soolotrummi löök asetseb kolmandal löögil, teistel elektromuusika stiilidel on see aga neljandal löögil. Veel iseloomustab dubstepi võbisev bass. On üsna tavaline et bass kukub ("drops") 55. sekundil loos, aga see pole
fish Elektripüük öösel http://www.fisheries.org/units/education/fisheries_techniques/Chapter8/Night%20boat%20electrofishing %20unit.jpg Fish in an Electrical Field · Behavior change or reactive movement · Trauma from Stress due to physiology Injury due to mechanical tissue damage Fish in an Electric Field (cont.) · Low AC - fish lines up perpendicular to flux line · · - + · · · High AC - muscle contraction and tetany Injuries to Fish · Hemorrhages or bruising of soft tissue · Fractures of vertebrae · · · NOTE: AC is more likely to injure fish than pulsed DC Pulsed DC is more likely to injure fish than continuous DC 8.3 Electrofishing system · power source and power control unit · meters · wires & electrodes · other equipment (lights, nets, pumps, livewells) · boat
arc welding GENERAL INFO Ø Most widely used welding technique Ø Very flexible in terms of the metal thicknesses Ø The cheapest metal welding technique Ø Comfortable: equipment is easy to carry Shielded metal arc welding OPERATION Ø Flux covered metal electrode to carry an electrical current Ø The current forms an arc Ø Electrode and work base is melted by the heat produced Ø Molten metal from electrode and the metal pool from base metal mix together Ø Molten metal is protected with slag and gases Shielded metal arc welding GAS METAL ARC WELDING Gas metal Arc welding GENERAL INFO
1.3 Explain the difference between the drive braking modes? 0. Ramp Power input to the motor is reduced gradually, following a determined ramp path. 1. Coasting Power is turned off instantly and the rotor is allowed to freely spin until it stops. 2. DC Brake A DC source from the generates a permanent magnetic field in the stator which creates an EMF in the windings of the rotated rotor, causing the braking current. Interaction of the permanent stator flux and the rotor current produces the braking torque. 1.4 When the sensorless vector control is required? Sensorless vector control is beneficial when there is a need to save money on building the drive. With sensorless vector control, costly hardware such as tachometers can be left out from the construction of the drive. 1.5 Call the drive faults you met. How do you avoid and clear these faults? I met the following faults: F004 - UnderVoltage
................................................. 9 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS........................................................................................ 9 SUMMARY WAVE ENERGY VARIATION IN THE FIELD OF STUDY Kristina Samoshenkova Long-term average power of waves per unit length of one of the modeled shoreline varies significantly along the eastern Baltic Sea region (Figure 5). Lithuania and the Russian part of the Curonian Spit has been retained by a public body wave energy flux uniformly average of 1.5-2 kW / m. The same situation is also characterized by a wave of energy flow along the Lithuanian coast. Latvian coast is the southernmost part of the average values of 1-1.5 kW / m. SISSEJUHATUS Pikaajaline lainete keskmine võimsus ühe pikkusühiku kohta modelleeritud rannajoonel varieerub olulisel määral piki Läänemere idaosa (joonis 5). Leedu ja osaliselt Venemaa haldusalasse jääval Kura säärel on laineenergia keskmine voog ühtlaselt 1,5−2 kW/m.
kõvastumise ajal sulametalli atmosfääri eest. Pärast iga keevisliite lisamist tuleb slakk eemaldada. · GTAW - Gas Tungsten Arc Welding-Tig Welding TIG (Tungsten'i inertne gaas) keevitus või gaasikaitsega Volframelektrood kaarkeevitus (GTAW) on protsess, kus kasutatakse mittesulavat, volfram-elektroodi. Elektroodi, kaart ja sulakeevituslompi kaitseb atmosfääri eest inertne gaasikaitse. Kui täitemetall on vajalik, lisatakse see sulalombi esiküljele. · FCAW - Flux Cored Arc Welding-Mig Welding Räbuga kaarkeevitus (FCAW) sarnaneb töö ja varustuse poolest väga MIG/MAG keevitusele. Ent kasutatav elektrood ei ole mitte õõnsusetu, vaid koosneb metallkestast, mis ümbritseb räbu. Alguses on elektrood lame metallriba, mis kõigepealt U-kujuliseks vormitakse. U'le lisatakse räbu ja legeeritavad materjalid, mis seejärel suletakse stantsimisrullide seeriaga torru. · GMAW - Gas Metal Arc Welding-Mig Welding
Jootmine · On metalldetailide ühendamine madalama temperatuuriga (<400C) metalliga joodisega · Joodetavaid detaile kuumutatakse, joodis sulab ja imendub kapillaarjõu toimel detailide vahele · Tina-Plii tavaliselt, Tina-Zn Al jootmisel, Pb-Ag annab tugevuse kõrgematel temp. · Joodis üldiselt ei ole eriti tugev · Tavajoodis 63/37- 63% St, 37%Pb, sulab 183C juures · Pliivaba tina sulab 250C juures · Räbusti (flux) hoiab ära pindade oksüd. Jootmisel ja vähendab nende pindpinevust joodis valgub paremini laiali · Räbusti võib sisaldada happeid siis kindlasti hiljem ära pesta Sügis 2010 Praktilise elektroonika loeng 51 Jootmine · Jootekolb piisavalt võimas et mitte jahtuda kokkupuutel detailidega kuid ei tohi neid kõrvetada. 50W · Pooljuhte üldiselt ei kuumutata >250 C. · Kolvi ots peab olema puhas ja tinaga kaetud (NB! EI
Tööruumides on tähtsaks teguriks hea nähtavus, raamatukogus otstarbekohane lugemislaua valgustus. 2. Mis on valgusti? ...on seade, mis jaotab, filtreerib või muundab ühe või mitme lambi valgust ja mis sisaldab peale lampide kõiki osi, mis on vajalikud lampide kinnitamiseks ja kaitseks ning, kui vaja, vooluahelaid ja seadiseid ühendamiseks toitevõrguga. 3. Mis on valgusvood ja valgusvoo ühik? ...( ingl.k. luminous flux) on lambi kiirgusenergia ajaühikus, mis tekitab nägemisaistingu. Mõõtühik - luumen [lm] . Lambi valgusvoog oleneb lambi võimsusest, valgusviljakusest, tüübist ja pingest. 4. Mis on valgustihedus ja valgustiheduse ühik? Valgustustihedus (ingl.k. illuminance) E on teatud pinnale langev valgusvoog pinnaühiku kohta. Mõõtühik - luks [lx] 5. Mis on valgusviljakus ja ühik ? Valgusviljakus (ingl.k
Heraclitus 535-475 BC Loner. Lot of people hated him. His famous lines from book of fragments: "It is wise to listen, not to me, but to the word (logos) and admit that all things are one" Logos Logic, psychology (love of wisdom), biology- what holds together or binds, numerology, philology (love of the word). Reason, word, language, holds together/binds. "One cannot put one's feet into the same river twice for new waters are ever flowing over them" Flux constant change "By changing it rests" "Nature hides itself" · He is a philosopher of fire- all things are fire. Fire change, light, life, God. · He is a philosopher of the unity of opposites. The Eleatic School · Xenophanes 570-475 BC Nothing comes from nothing. Unchanging Being. - Against anthropomorphisms · Parmenides fl. Fifth Century BC Being beings - Thinking and Being are the same
significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, electrostatics, astronomy, and optics. Wilhelm Eduard Weber (24 October 1804 23 June 1891) was a German physicist. * Saksa füüsik, kes koostas absoluutse mõõtühikute süsteemi. Ta ehitas Saksamaale esimese elektromagnetilise telegraafi * Tema nime kannab magnetvoo mõõtühik. The SI unit of magnetic flux, the weber (symbol: Wb) is named after him. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 January 1, 1894) was a German physicist who clarified and expanded the electromagnetic theory of light that had been put forth by Maxwell. He was the first to satisfactorily demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic waves by building an apparatus to produce and detect VHF or UHF radio waves. Saksa füüsik, kelle järgi see sagedusühik oma nime sai. Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
Arheoloogilised leiud tõendavad, et kreeka ja rooma sõdurid sõlmisid puhkehetkedel kihlvedusid nummerdatud kaarikurataste pöörlemise peale ning et etruskid ja roomlased kasutasid umbes 900. aastal kuuetahulisi täringuid . (Blaszczynski 2007: 21) 2.1 Pokkeri ajalugu Pokker on väga vana mäng. Pokkeri esivanem primero/primeria/la prime on kirjanduses mainitud 1526. aastal, kui mitte varem. Selles mängus oli igal mängijal kolm kaarti ja lugevad kombinatsioonid olid kolmik, paar ja flux ehk teisisõnu olukord, kus mängijal on kolm kaarti samast mastist. (Britannica http://britannica.org./EBchecked/topic/466636/poker 26.02.2012) Vanim tuntud viide pokkerile ameerika kirjanduses esineb Joe Cowelli, ringi rändava inglise näitleja mälestustes aastast 1829. Tema kirjeldustest selgub, et Ameerikast alguse saanud mängu mängiti kaardipakiga, millest igale mängijale läks viis kaarti. Kui kaardid jagati, vedasid mängijad kihla
f sagedus (frequency) Hz = 1/s hertz cos φ võimsustegur (power factor) U pinge (voltage) V volt P aktiivvõimsus (active power) W vatt Q reaktiivvõimsus (blind power) VAr Volt-amper reaktiivne S näivvõimsus VA Volt-amper magnetvoo tihedus (magnetic flux B T tesla density) v sirgliikumise kiirus (linear velocity) m/s meetrit sekundis Q laeng (charge) C kulon C mahtuvus (capacity) F farad L induktiivsus (inductivity) H henri Q soojushulk (heat energy) J džaul
Energia liikumine ühelt troofiliselt tasemelt teisele e=mc2 Pn-1, In(sisend, input), Fn(fekaalne kadu), An(omandatud energia, assimileeritud energia), Rn(hingamine) In/Pn-1 =CE(tarbimisefektiivsus), AE=An/In(kui hästi suudetakse seedida), PE=Pn/An(produktsiooniefektiivsus). Troofiliste tasemete vahelise energia ülekandmiskiirus. TTE=Pn/Pn-1 ~ 0,1 Mida kaugemale on evolutsioon arenenud seda suuremaks on muutunud elu aktiivsus ja energia kulu elutegevusele. Süsinikuringe Fond(pool) ja voog(flux). Fond näitab kui paju C asub mingites struktuurides. Voog näitab liikumiste erinevate fondide vahel. Taime hingamine on umbes pool GPP-st. Taimede sees paigal 560. Mullas on süsinikku 2x rohkem kui atmosfääris. Mulla hingamine on sama suur kui taimedel. 1% süsinikku tuleb atmosfääri aastas fossiilsete kütuste põletamisest. Metsad ei uuene, lisasüsinik atmosfääri. Metsade raiumine toob süsiniku lisa täiesti arvestaval määral.
Taim – vaimsed juured mullas, paljunemisorganid (õied, viljad) kõrgel okstes. Tammesid ei istutatud vaid Kasselisse, vaid ka New Yorki. Beuys’i tammed tunneb ära kõrval asetseva kivi järgi. Beuysi vaated: majandusele: sotsialistlik, klassideta ühiskond seadusandlusele: demokraatia kultuurile: vabadus FLUXUS on demokraatlik, efemeerne ja esmajoones antikunsti nähtus - Termin 1961 George Maciunas (1931–1978). Flux hall, Flux shop Amsterdam, Pariis, Köln, Düsseldorf jne. - Kunstivormid: happening, müra muusika, postikunst (mail art), mängud reegliteta, nutikas mõttetus. Thlp mitte objektidele, vaid efemeersele. Anti-kodanlus Anti-kommerts Poolutoopiline Olulisemad kunstnikud: Jonas Mekas Nam June Paik Yoko Ono Joseph Beuys Seoses USA immigratsiooniseadusega on 1960ndate kunstis esmakordselt mitmeid Aasia kunstnikke. Fluxuse manifest 1963 George Maciunas
Baroque was to prove to be the ideal style to reflect what was deeply broken society, one that was to remain in political and religious turbulence until the II half of 18th C. It always portrayed precisely that scenario: forces in conflict, opposites and extremes confronting, and at the same time, seen to be manifestations of an ordered whole. Role: to give the thruths of the sphere of heaven (fixed, immovable and permanent). Art of Baroque: flux and paradox, illusion and seeming, searching for eternal thruths. Vehicle for new and very emotional piety of Counter-Reformation Catholicism, ideal to express absolute monarchy. It was expensive style, although its role was to give an aura of divinity and autocracy on Charles II, couldn’t hide that he was kept in power by the will of Parliament. 13. Restoration poetry (Rochester, Sackville, Sedley, Dryden) After 1660. 2 main themes: sex (whoring), drinking
Nt matemaatikaülesannete lahendamisel, kus ei ole konflikti holistilise/analüütilise lahenduse vahel on aasialased suurepärased (vt ka ptk 5). Millist teavet inimesed ülesande jaoks oluliseks peavad? - Holistilised mõtlejad näevad tegudel ka distaalseid ja teinekord ootamatuid tagajärgi. - Analüütilised mõtlejad peaksid muretsema rohkem tegude ja olukordade omavaheliste vahetute suhete üle. Tolerants vastuolude suhtes Aasialastel on vaade, et reaalsus on pidevas liikumises (flux). Tai chi, yin/yang kontseptid. Lao Tzu „To shrink smth you need to expand it first. etc“. Samal ajal Aristoteles „No statement could be both true and false ie „A“ could not equal „not A“. Näha vastuolusid millegina, mida ei pea tagasi lükkama, vaid millega võib leppida, vaadeldakse kui tolerantsi vastuolude suhtes ehk (naïve dialecticism). Uuringust, kus USA ja Hiina tudengid pidid argumentide paikapidavust hindama ilmnes, et Hiina
Art as an alternative for life and life as a work of art (idea from Pater – influenced Wilde). Writers were aristocrats, could afford to enjoy life and do what they liked. Walter Pater – theorist of English aestheticism. Experience as an ever-‐vanishing flux (flow/continuous movement). Oscar Wilde (1854-‐1900). Born in Ireland but lived in England and travelled to America and many countries in Europe. Gave lectures on aestheticism, became known for his sharp wit and flamboyant dress
But in 1572 something happened. A new star appeared in the constellation of Cassiopeia. The new star was observed by the Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe(15461601). The star was brighter than any other star for more than two years contemporary accounts tell us that the star was so bright that it could be seen in daylight. And in 1600, another star appeared. This star was observed by Johannes Kepler(15711630). The heavens seemed to be in flux [ jõuväljas ]. Such occurrences made lasting impressions on all men, whether scientist or not. After all, this was an age in which men believed their fate to be written in the stars and now those stars were changing
hoidmiseks. Sama assimileeritud kogu pealt saavad kõigusoojased kasvatada 5x rohkem biomassi. Kõige produktiivsemad ökosüsteemid on korallrahud. 52. Aineringed süsinikuringe, veeringe, lämmastikuringe, fosforiringe. Põhilised fondid ja vood ringetes; Süsinikuringe vulkaanilise tegevuse käigus tuleb koguaeg CO2 maapinnale, biosfääris läheb C tagasi maa sisse. Fond[pool] näitab, kui palju C asub mingites struktuurides; voog[flux] näitab C meres: liikumise kiirust erinevate fondide vahel. Ligi 1/6 atmosfääris asuvast C-st neelavad aasta jooksul taimed (voog); umbes 1/12 läheb taimede hingamisel tagasi. Mullas on C kaks korda rohkem kui atmosfääris (surnud orgaaniline aine, C-ühendid, huumuse ained. Natuke alla 1% tuleb atmosfääri inimtegevuse tulemusena. Ookeanites on C 50x rohkem kui atmosfääris, ookeanites on C neeldumise bilanss positiivne
FARNET Federation of American Research Networks [Internet] FASIC Function and Algorithm-Specific Integrated Circuit FAT File Allocation Table FAX Facsimile .FAX Fax (file name extension) FBC Find By Content FC/AL Fiber Channel/Arbitrated Loop FCB File Control Block FCC Federal Communications Commission FCC: File Carbon Copy FCCSET Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering and Technology FC/EL Fiber Channel/Enhanced Loop FCI Flux Changes per Inch FCL Fibre Channel Loop FCPGA Flip Chip Pin Grid Array [Intel] FCR FIFO Control Register FCRAM Fast-Cycle RAM FCS Fiber Channel Standard + Frame Check Sequence FD Floppy Disk + Floppy Drive + Full Duplex FDC Floppy Disk Controller FDDI Fiber Digital Device Interface + Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDHD Floppy Drive High Density FDIR Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery FDISK Fixed Disk FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
Magnetic Sensors Hall Effect Sensors Probably the simplest magnetic sensor to use in an embedded application is a Hall effect sensor. The Hall effect was discovered by Dr. Edwin Hall in 1879. He discovered that if a magnetic field was placed perpendicular to one face of a thin gold sheet in which a current was flowing, a voltage would appear across the sheet (Figure 3.24). This voltage is proportional to the current flowing in the sheet and the magnetic flux density. A Hall effect sensor is made from silicon, and the Hall voltage produced in silicon is only a few microvolts per volt per gauss. Consequently, a high-gain amplifier is required to bring the signal from the Hall element to a useable range. Hall effect sensors integrate the amplifier into the same package as the sensor element. Hall effect sensors are available as sensors that produce an output pro- portional to the magnetic field, or as switches that change state when the mag-
agitated to avoid temperature stratification in at 210 MPa). The lowering of the melting the liquid and grouping together of products. point allows the temperature gap between the Thawing times are therefore greatly reduced. heat source and the phase change front to Practical limitations are that boxes and other increase, and thus enhances the rate of heat packaging (unless vacuum pack or shrink flux (LeBail et al. 2002; IIR 2006). The pres- wrap) must be removed before immersion, sure is released when the food temperature is bulk blocks are liable to break up, leaching a little above 0°C. High pressure thawing has of product surfaces can lead to poor appear- been applied experimentally to pork and beef ance, and frequent changing of water for (Suzuki et al. 2006). There is some evidence
ostinato backgrounds. Extended tonality prevails in the harmony of the developing sections, though atonality is used occasionally. With this changeability functionality has lost its role, but the tonal centres are preserved mostly as organ points. As a rule the chords are based on thirds, while many of them are used in all functional spheres. Such complexity is in direct connection with the basic idea. Everything in the development is in a flux; only the introduction and epilogue are exceptions, forming a frame. As a peculiarity of the form the lack of recapitulation in the first movement may be noted, instead a step-by-step lowering of tension takes place. At the core of the work only the germ of an idea consisting of some motifs was used. The concentrated thought and its variants emphasise the leading idea. Thus the monothematic principle, a novel feature in the development of Estonian symphonism, has been expressed.
This is a last resort that works for one simple reason: you can't move. It's like a self-imposed papoose, which the Inuits and other cultures have used to calm infants It's like a self-imposed papoose, which the Inuits and other cultures have used to calm infants by immobilizing them. To toss and turn from the half military crawl position, you have to rst lift your entire body off the bed. Less fidgeting means faster sleep. TOOLS AND TRICKS F.lux (http://stereopsis.com/flux/) It's possible that your computer screen is what's keeping you awake. F.lux is a free computer application that dims your computer screen when the sun sets. In the morning, it makes the screen return to its default sunlight-like settings. California Poppy Extract (www.fourhourbody.com/poppy) This extract from the California poppy acts as a mild sedative, and I found it to increase my percentage of deep-wave sleep. The Zeo Personal Sleep Coach (www.fourhourbody
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