Celts in Britain when the Germanic tribes arrived were speakers of both Celtic and Latin. There may also have been contacts with the continent after the Germanic settlement of Britain. continental borrowings Latin (continental): cheap, pepper, street, mile, butter, cheese, wine, inch, ounce, pound, kitchen, plum, cup, dish, mint castrum ‘a Roman encampment or fortress’ Manchester, Gloucester, Leicester, Worcester, Doncaster, Chester colonia - Lincoln vicus ‘village’ - Greenwich, Harwich fossa ‘ditch’ - Fossbrook religious (6-7th centuries) mass, monk, nun, bishop, abbot, minster, apostle, pope, altar, hymn, angel, devil
reportedly considered no code as fully secret after it had been used for six months; consequently it changed all highly confidential codes every four months. In 1939, the Foreign Office moved what it euphemistically called its Department of Communications to Bletchley Park, an estate and mansion in Bletchley, a town in Buckinghamshire about 50 miles northwest of London. It is far and away the most history-redolent black chamber of all. The British, of course, trace the land from a Roman encampment, through its award by William the Con-querer to Bishop Geoffrey of Constance for services rendered at the Battle of Hastings, down on through the ownership of various lords (most notably the two George Villierses, first and second dukes of Buckingham) and rich men of decreasing interest. A mansion was first built on the land in the 1870s and added to repeatedly; the Foreign Office, finding this too small, added many buildings, including a cafeteria and a large hall. Eventually 7,000
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