Keelefilosoofia raamat
ment batcave. Not only do I intend no effect on any audience, I would be
mortified if I were to find out that someone had been listening. Or consider
Paul Ziff's (1967: 34) protagonist George and the sentence, "Claudius mur-
dered my father": in a single day, George might utter that sentence first "in
the course of a morning soliloquy," again "in the afternoon in the course
of a conversation with Josef," and then again "in the evening while deliri-
ous with fever" and unaware of his audience even though there was one. Yet
George meant the same thing by "Claudius murdered my father" each time.
But Grice's analysis requires not only an audience but that the speaker have
very specific intentions with respect to that audience, and this is implausible
at least for the soliloquy and delirium cases.
Grice (1969: section V) addresses the audienceless cases. He urges a solu-
annaabi.ee 
