like groans, grunts of protest, cheers, and the like. If so, then such "factually defective" sentences do not have truth-values. So a T-sentence directed upon one ("`Murder is wrong' is true iff murder is wrong") should come out false or anomalous.4 Reply to the second rejoinder It is easy enough for the truth-condition theorist who is also an emotivist (or whatever) to restrict her/his truth theory against nonfactual sentences in the first place. But contrariwise, one may argue from the general plausibility of truth-conditional semantics (if one believes in it) to the implausibility of emotivism and other views that deny truth-value to perfectly grammatical declaratives. Objection 2 Davidson talks as if the right-hand sides of his T-sentences will be written in English, or in the theorist's own natural language whatever it may be, so that they can be readily seen to be correct or incorrect. Indeed, Davidson touts
return through London, and there relate her journey to Longbourn, its motive, and the substance of her conversation with Elizabeth; dwelling emphatically on every expression of the latter which, in her ladyship's apprehension, peculiarly denoted her perverseness and assurance; in the belief that such a relation must assist her endeavours to obtain that promise from her nephew which she had refused to give. But, unluckily for her ladyship, its effect had been exactly contrariwise. "It taught me to hope," said he, "as I had scarcely ever allowed myself to hope before. I knew enough of your disposition to be certain that, had you been absolutely, irrevocably decided against me, you would have acknowledged it to Lady Catherine, frankly and openly." Elizabeth coloured and laughed as she replied, "Yes, you know enough of my frankness to believe me capable of that. After abusing you so abominably to your face, I could have no scruple in abusing you to all your relations
Among other studies, they counted the frequency of words to attempt a chronology for the chapters of the Koran, certain words being considered as having been used only in the later chapters. Lexicography advanced this. In making a dictionary, considerations of letter-frequency and of which letters go or do not go together virtually thrust themselves upon the lexicographer. For example, the Arabs recognized early that za' was the rarest letter in Arabic and, contrariwise, that the omnipresence of the definite article "al- " made alif and lam the most common letters in normal style. The Ibn ad-Duraihim—Qalqashandi exposition begins at the beginning: the cryptanalyst must know the language in which the cryptogram is written. Because Arabic, "the noblest and most exalted of all languages," is "the one most frequently resorted to" (in that part of the world), there follows an extensive discussion of its linguistic characteristics
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