Conditional sentences tingiv kõneviis Type 0 (the zero conditional, the present condition) Kasutatakse selleks, et väljendada üldist tõde või teaduslikku fakti. Nende lausete puhul on võimalik kasutada sõna 'if' asemel sõna 'when.' If-clause main clause If /When + present simple, present simple If/ When you drop an egg, it breaks. Kui sa pillad muna maha, läheb see katki. If my sister eats too much, she gets fat. (See juhtub alati.) Kui mu õde sööb liiga palju, läheb ta paksuks. Type 1 (the first conditional, the will-condition) Kasutatakse selleks, et rääkida tõelisest või väga tõenäolisest olukorrast olevikus või tulevikus. If-cl main cl If + present simple, future simple, imperative, can/must/may etc + bare infinitive (verb) If my sister eats too much, she will get fat. (See on võimalik). Kui mu õde sööb liiga palju, läheb ta paksuks. · If + eitav verb / unless + jaa...
Tingimuslaused Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast: If (tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub) kõrvallause pealause Inglise keeles on kolm tingimuslause tüüpi. 1. tüüp reaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas verb lihtolevikus või lihttulevikus olevikus või täisminevikus (do, is doing, have done) If she phones me, you will answer the phone. I will go there myself. she has to If he isn´t going, keep it. If she has given a promise, 2. tüüp ebareaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus Tingimus (if) Tulemus Verb lihtminevikus (did) Would/should+verb Pane tähele! Verb be on kõigis pööretes Could/might+verb were (I/you/he/we/they were) If she phoned me, you should answer the phone. If I were a bird, ...
Conditional Sentence Type 1 It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future Example: If I find her address, I'll send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 2 It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. Conditional Sentence Type 3 It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. · You've posted my letters, haven't you? · You won't forget to check my emails, will you? · You're sad that I'm going, aren't you? · You aren't going to cry when I leave, are you? · You play tennis on Thursdays usuall...
7. Verb: The principal forms of the verbs: Verbil on 4 põhivormi: Regular verb Irregular verb 1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future: Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Present Base Have / has + to be + base+ ing has/ have been +s + pariticiple base+ -ing He drinks tea at ...
The Passive Voice Passive voice is used, when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, hovewer, who or what is performing the action. Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegevust teostav isik on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline, või siis, kui tähelepanu on pööratud sellele, mida tehakse. Passiivi ajavormid moodustatakse abiverbi be pöördelistest vormidest vastavas ajas ja põhiverbi mineviku kesksõnast (III pv-past participle). BE vastav aeg+ Verbi III pv Tegevuse sooritaja näitamiseks kasutatakse eessõna by. Kui aktiivlause aluseks on asesõna (I, you, he, we, you, they, somebody...), siis jäetakse by- fraas ära. Aktiivlause muutmine passiivlauseks: 1. Leiame sihitise ja muudame ta aluseks. 2. Määrame öeldise ajavormi ja asendame ta passiivi vastava ajaga 3. Leiame aluse ja muudame ta eessõna by abil sihitiseks. Example: Jane baked a cake.-active sentence A cake was baked by Jane.-passive senten...
Grammar point Made by Nikolai Hodosevich Conditional mood The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs. Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense. Condition sentences are often entered with conjunction IF Real events Structure: Additional clause Present Indefinite Main clause Future Indefinite If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car , Almost unreal events *In additional and main clauses usually use Subjunctive I and II *When you translate into Russian these sentences, you should use conjunction * This type of unreal conditional sentence use, when speaker wants to underline small probability of condition realization Almost unreal events Structure: Additional claus...
CONDITIONALS 0 or 1? TYPE 0 ZERO CONDITIONAL In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION present: ZERO CONDITIONAL (TYPE 0) 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, you get wet TYPE 0 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If plants don't get they die. enough water, If you mix red and blue, you get purple Make sentences (type 0) Heat water/ boil Mix yellow and red/get orange Conditional Type 1 · First Conditional: real possibility · We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this conditi...
Real conditions (Type I) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks will possibly happen as a result of a real situation. If you train hard, you will succeed in sport. If you don’t train hard, you won’t succeed in sport. We can also use modal verbs (can, may, must, should) instead of verbs in the main clause. If i have enough time, i can visit you. Unreal conditions (Type II) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would possibly happen in an imaginary situation. If I saw a ghost, I would be scared. If I had wings, I could fly. We can give advice with If I were you. If I were you wouldn’t do that NOTE We normally use were instead of was in conditional sentences. I’d go to the cinema, if i weren’t so tired. E...
Tingimuslaused: ZERO CONDITIONAL Kui sa teed x, siis juhtub y (ALATI) Conditional sentences: 4 types No condition (facts) = zero conditional Possible conditions = first conditional Improbable conditions = second conditional Impossible conditions = third conditional Kasutamine We use the zero conditional to talk about something that is a general truth or fact (if= every time). ÜLDTÕED JA FAKTID. Sündmused, mis alati viivad samade tulemusteni. If the temperature is below 0° C, water freezes. Moodustamine: If + lihtolevik , + lihtolevik TINGIMUS TULEMUS If you heat water to 100° C, it boils. If you own a car, you have to pay for insurance. Laused võib ka ümber pöörata SEL JUHUL EI OLE KOMA: Water boils if you heat it to 100° C. You have to pay for insurance if you own a car. Tingimuslaused: FIRST CONDITIONAL Kui sa teed x, siis...
Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no. (past simple in both parts of the sentence) 1 First conditional If-clause present simple; Main clause future tense (or: can, must, may, etc., + bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a possible action (a real or very probable situation in the present or ...
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words always, every ..., action in the present Simple Present A: He speaks. never, normally, N: He does not speak. taking place once, never or often, seldom, Q: Does he speak? several times sometimes, usually if sentences type I facts (If I talk, ...) ...
Conditionals: 0 and I What is a conditional sentence? • Conditional sentences have at least two clauses: IF clauses and THEN clauses • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow, then I will see a movie. If he spoke Chinese, then he would work as a guide in China. If they had been faster, then they would have won the race. IF Clauses (the condition) • IF clauses present the condition. • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow… If he spoke Chinese… If they had been faster… THEN Clauses (the results) • THEN clauses present the results. • Examples: … then I will see a movie. …. then he would work as a guide in China. … then they would have won the race. IF and THEN Clauses • The word “then” is optional, but the clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a “THEN” clause, without the word “then.” 0 CONDITIONAL • Situations that are always true if something happens. • Instructions, rules • If I am late, my father t...
Present continuous and present simple We use present continuous For actions that we have already arranged to do in the near future, especially when the time has been decided. I’m coming back next Monday. What are you doing tomorrow evening? We use present simple For events that always happen at certain time, or are part of timetable. The supermarket closes at 9 p.m. His plane arrives at four o’clock tomorrow afternoon. After if in conditional sentences (type I). If you leave home at 7.30, you will be on time. Ekke Kaha
Exercises 1. Use the Present Simple of the verb be or have. ( 10 points ) Mary........blue eyes and blond hair, but her brother ........dark hair. He ........in his late twenties. He........married and........two sons. I........short, but my sister........tall. We........a dog and a cat. Our uncle........two dogs. They........brown. 2. Choose the correct item. ( 5 points ) e.g. The residents were made...D....their homes by the authorities. A leave B leaving C left D to leave 1) Ann is my best friend! We........each other for years A know B knew C knows D have known 2) Nicky........to San Francisco when the accident happened. A flies B has flown C was flying D has been flying 3) Why don`t you let her........her story? A finish B to finish C finishing D have finished 4) Tim........in a...
Conditionals Table of Contents Conditionals ......................................................................... 2 A. Real Conditionals ............................................................. 2 B. Unreal Conditionals ......................................................... 3 Linking words used in Conditionals ...................................... 4 Conditionals Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. A. Real Conditionals Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened, generally happen or are likely to happen. The First Conditional expresses a possible condition and a probable result: If I have time, I will help you. In the if-clause we use the Present Simple, in the main clause will + the verb. We can also use the Present Continuous or Perfect in the if-clause and...
Present tenses : 1) Present simple regular actions and routines especially with frequency(kordumine ) adverbs(määrsõna) N: Do you go to school by car every day ? I don't often watch TV. 2)Present continuousbe + verb + ing. Actions happening now N; Look! It's snowing. I'm meeting Jane tonight. You're always losing things. 3)keep + ingto describe habitual actions which may be irritating. N: my uncle keeps making silly jokes. Present perfect: 1) Present perfect simple: have/has + past participle. N: I've been here for ten minutes .The phone has rung ten times today. Look at this cheque,'I've won first prize. They have made a new star wars film. I've just got home. How long have you been here ? Have you ever been to Paris? It's the best book I've ever read. It's the first time I have ever been abroad. 2)Present perfect continious : have/has + been + ing. N:I'v...
MODULE 1 Greeting. Introducing oneself and the others. The alphabet. Spelling. The tenses. How to introduce yourself and others Formal introductions How to respond and reply to an May I introduce myself? I am John introduction Smith. How do you do. Allow me to introduce John Smith to Pleased to meet you. you. Standard introduction Nice to meet you. I'd like you to meet John Smith. Hello. I want you to meet John Smith. I'm so pleased to meet you. This is Jane Smith. I'm Jane Smith. My name's John Smith. Informal introduction Hi. John. Jane. Hello. Titles: Mr Mrs Miss Ms Ms is a modern form of address for women. It replaces the traditional forms of Mrs and Miss. Greetings Good morning/afternoon/evening...
Test Name:............................................................ Mark:...................... 1.Complete the sentences with the prepositions . 1. The test consisted .................. two grammar exercises and a writing task. 2. I read a page .................. the book. 3. It is available .................. the internet. 4. Prices have risen .................. 10 percent. 5. I get a present .................. Jane. 6. Jane is standing ..................the car. 7. She likes a book .................. Mark Twain. 8. I go to school from Monday .................. Friday. 9. He was accused .................. the crime. 10. to carry somebody .................. board 11.He spent his childhood .................. the company of his brothers...
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features...
Tests Superstar 1 Luke Prodromou Test 1 Name____________________ Class_______ Use your English 1 Complete these sentences using the correct form (present simple or present continuous) of the verb in brackets. _ 1 She is in a band and she _________________________________ (record) a CD at the moment. _ 2 She is an actress and often _________________________________ (appear) on television. _ 3 At the moment she _________________________________ (have) a rest because she is tired. _ 4 Mike is a doctor and he _________________________________ (live) in Manchester. _ 5 I _________________________________ (start) work at 8.30 every morning. _ 6 He is a good cook but she _________________________________ (prefer) to eat out. _ 7 English tests _________________________________ (get) more and more interesting. _ 8 They _________________________________ (have) a party becau...
Loogika – sissejuhatus ja põhimõisted Järeldus on 1 lause Klassikalise loogika põhiseadused: samasuse ehk identsuse seadus, vasturääkivusseadus, välistatud kolmanda seadus, Aristoteles (384-322) vb aluse seadus. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716) Loogika roll Loogika ei suuda üldjuhul öelda meile, millised väited või uskumused vastavad tõele. Tõde tähendab, et me teame, kuidas asjad on. Loogika ei ütle meile seda. Loogika valdamine aitab meil otsustada, kas meie väljakujunenud uskumused ja seisukohad on omavahel kooskõlas. Kooskõlalisus Hulk väiteid või uskumusi on omavahel kooskõlas parajasti siis, kui kõik selle hulga liikmed saavad olla korraga tõesed. Vastasel juhul on see hulk mittekooskõlaline. Sellisel juhul ütleme, et vaatlusaluseid väiteid ei saa korraga jaatada. Näide: Oletame, et keegi usub kõike järgnevat: Igaüks, kes võtab astroloogiat tõsiselt, on hullumeelne. Mari on minu õde ja ükski minu õdedest ei ole ab...
1. Basic Phrases ¡Buenos días! ¡Buenas tardes! ¡Buenas noches! bway-nohs dee-ahs bway-nahs tard-ays bway-nahs noh-chays Hello! / Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening! / Good night! ¡Hola! / ¡Chao! Adiós. Por favor. oh-lah / chow ah-dee-ohs por fah-bor Hi! / Bye! Good bye. Please. Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. Hasta pronto. Hasta mañana. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah ah-stah prohn-toh ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah loo-ay-go See you soon. See you tomorrow. See you / See you later. (Muchas) Gracias. De nada. Bienvenidos (moo-chah...
What is the real meaning of life? Why prefer one thing to another? Can we trust observation? It’s raining outside - how do you know it is? I can see it’s raining. How to convince yourself its raining? A good reason to doubt - 49 other peaople have the same opinion. Falsifiable → possible; not falsified World disappeared in 2012 and got recreated 3 secs later → unfalsifiable - cannot prove it’s true/wrong, cannot provide any tests to prove it. Or - one or another but not both → exclusive - one or another (both) → inclusive (Invited those who are managers or specialists - both) Arguments valid or not - logic is a science where to decide it Different arguments lead to different methods. 1 - Recognizing arguments What is an argument? An argument is a group of statements, so that one or more of them (called the premises) is said to provide support for one of the others (called the conclusion). When the course sta...
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;P ulJbijlg lsBN 978-1-8432s-569-7 Illllll]ililil]t llll ||||rl 9 x781843x255697x Conlenls UNI T1 househol d & appl i ances; dw el l i ngs ln Searchof the Perfect My Home is my chores;colours& rooms;home H ome(mul ti pl choi e ce) Castle(pp. 5-19) safety TheCharmingPast:Blarney ...
;P ulJbijlg lsBN 978-1-8432s-569-7 Illllll]ililil]t llll ||||rl 9 x781843x255697x Conlenls UNI T1 househol d & appl i ances; dw el l i ngs ln Searchof the Perfect My Home is my chores;colours& rooms;home H ome(mul ti pl choi e ce) Castle(pp. 5-19) safety TheCharmingPast:Blarney ...
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INGLISE KEELE GRAMMATIKA Present Simple Lihtoleviku moodustamine Jaatav vorm Eitav vorm Küsiv vorm I make I do not make Do I make? He/she/it speaks He/she/it does not speak Does he/she/it speak? We/you/they go We/you/they do not go Do we/you/they go? NB! ERANDID! · Verbidele, mis lõpevad ss, h, ch, tch, x või oga, lisatakse ainsuse kolmdandas pöördes es. he does he goes he misses he watches he mixes · Verbid, mis lõpevad yga, mille ees on konsonant, muudavad y iks enne es lisamist. fly he flies carry he carries Võrdle: say he says Lihtolevik väljendab: · Antud momendil toimuvat tegevust, mis ei väljenda kest...
ISIKSUSEPSÜHHOLOOGIA I eksam 22.mai kell 16.15-17.30, M-22 eksam II eksam 4.juuni III aeg sügissemestri vahenädalal. I LOENG I TEOORIA Teooria komponendid: ühik, postulaadid, ennustused, hüpoteesid. Teooria headus: koherentsus, relevantsus, piisavus, ökonoomsus, lihtsus. Metateooria. – teooriate teooriad. Ühikuga alustatakse mudeli loomist. Selleks on käitumine või püsijoon (ajas muutumatu). Postulaadid – „mis siis tuleb kui..“ Teooria headus: llihtne, ei sisalda kõiksust, mittevastuoluline, teeb mõõdetavaid ennustusi. 2. ISIKSUSE TEOORIAD. Filosoofilised eeldused: - Determinism. - Pärilikkus. Keskkond muudab pärilikkuse poolt determineeritud skeeme. - Unikaalsus. - Proaktiivsus. Isiksus on aktiivne. - Teaduslikkuse printsiip. 3. ISIKSUSE KIRJELDAMINE: Nomoteetiline lähenemine – samad isiksuse jooned, erinevus vaid joonte väljenduses. Saavutame võimalus...
UNO SOOMERE ESTONIAN SYMPHONIC MUSIC. THE FIRST CENTURY 1896-1996. AN OVERVIEW With a Historical and Cultural Summary IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT ESTONIAN COMPOSERS CONTENTS ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS FOREWORD IN THE FOLD OF TSARIST RUSSIA. EMERGENCE AND FIRST STEPS ON THE CLASSICAL-ROMANTIC PATH. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I. MUSICAL LIFE IN TARTU AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TRAILBLAZERS: ALEKSANDER LÄTE, RUDOLF TOBIAS, ARTUR KAPP. II. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ARTUR LEMBA: THE BEGINNING OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONY AND OPERA. III. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURAL AND MUSICAL LIFE: THE END OF THE TSARIST PERIOD. THE INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA: THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIONS FROM WESTERN ART AND THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONALLY ORIENTED MUSICAL TRENDS. IV. THE TWENTIES. ARTUR KAPP: ROMANTICIST AND DRAMATIST. V. THE INFLUENCE OF NEW WESTERN MUSIC...
Some of the things you will learn in THE CODEBREAKERS • How secret Japanese messages were decoded in Washington hours before Pearl Harbor. • How German codebreakers helped usher in the Russian Revolution. • How John F. Kennedy escaped capture in the Pacific because the Japanese failed to solve a simple cipher. • How codebreaking determined a presidential election, convicted an underworld syndicate head, won the battle of Midway, led to cruel Allied defeats in North Africa, and broke up a vast Nazi spy ring. • How one American became the world's most famous codebreaker, and another became the world's greatest. • How codes and codebreakers operate today within the secret agencies of the U.S. and Russia. • And incredibly much more. "For many evenings of gripping reading, no better choice can be made than this book." —Christian Science Monitor THE ...
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Pride and Prejudice Author: Jane Austen Release Date: August 26, 2008 [EBook #1342] [Last updated: August 11, 2011] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRIDE AND PREJUDICE *** Produced by Anonymous Volunteers, and David Widger PRIDE AND PREJUDICE By Jane Austen Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 22 Chapter 2 Chapter 23 Chapter 43 Chapter 3 Chapter 24 Chapter 44 ...
More praise for Influence: Science and Practice! "We've known for years that people buy based on emotions and justify their buying decision based on logic. Dr. Cialdini was able, in a lucid and cogent manner, to tell us why this happens." --MARK BLACKBURN, Sr. Vice President, Director of Insurance Operations, State Auto Insurance Companies "Dr. Cialdini's ability to relate his material directly to the specifics of what we do with our customers and how we do it, enabled us to make significant changes. His work has enabled us to gain significant competitive differentiation and advantage" -LAURENCE HOF, Vice President, Relationship Consulting, Advanta Corporation "This will help executives make better decisions and use their influence wisely ... Robert Cialdini has had a greater impact on my thinking on this topic than any other scientist." -CHARLES T...
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