Should cloning be banned ? Cloning is using genetic engineering to make exact copies of living animals and plants. One of the most famous cloning processes involved a sheep named Dolly. The sheep was the first mammal cloned from adult DNA. Since then it has become part of real life and the subject of public debate. For some people, human cloning is acceptable in medicine in spite of the criticism that it is repulsive. Firstly, cloning the organs can save many lives. For example when a person needs an organ and can not find a donor, doctors could just give her the cloned organ. People would not need to donate their organs anymore. Secondly, parents who can not have children may wish to clone a child for themselves. Also endangered animal or plants could be cloned to rise their species. On the other hand, there are also many arguments againts cloning. Most cloned animals suffer severe medical issues and many die prematurely.
Identity theft What identity theft means? It is a serious crime. Is it possible that somebody's identity can be stolen? It's not possible. Is the owner of an ID responsible, if somebody uses it? Yes. Types financial identity theft (using another's identity to obtain goods and services) criminal identity theft (posing as another when apprehended for a crime) identity cloning (using another's information to assume his or her identity in daily life) business/commercial identity theft (using another's business name to obtain credit) Identity theft may be used to facilitate crimes including illegal immigration, terrorism, and espionage. What are the techniques for obtaining personal information? Legal response Australia Imprisonment for 5 years. France five years in prison and fined up to 75,000.
KVANT-TELEPORTATSIOON • Teleportatsioonis osaleb 3 footonit: 2 põimitud footonit A ja B ning kolmas, mida teleportida tahame, põimimata footon C. • Footonid A ja B eraldatakse üksteisest ja footon C põimitakse footoniga A. • Kui footonid A ja C on omavahel põimitud, saadab footon A oma uue informatsiooni footonile B ning tema juurde tekib maagiliselt footon C, mis hävineb footoni juures A, kuna läheb vastuollu no-cloning teoreemiga. • Selline infoedastusviis (kuigi on veel vaidluse all) lubab infot edastada lõpmata kiirelt (kiiremini kui valguse kiirus). • Ilmselgelt tahetakse seda tehnoloogiat kunagi hakata kasutama telekommunikatsioonis, kuna ta võimaldaks muude hüvede juures luua ka ülimalt turvalise infokanali. Tänan!
vajavad evolutsiooniprotsessi sekkumisega kaasnevad nähud. Samuti ei saa me kõrvale kalduda väitest, et tänu kloonimise tehnoloogiale on meil võimalik saada identseid katseloomi, sordiaretus on rikkalikum ning tänu kloonimisele on tänapäevaks loodud loomi, kellelt saame kasutada organeid, mis võivad olla inimelule hindamatu tähtsusega. Teaduse arengu huvides jääb meil ainult loota, et need probleemid lähiaastatel lahendatakse 6. Kasutatud kirjandus 1. ,,Animal Cloning: problems and prospects" 2005 aprill, Reproductive Technologies Group, Ag Research Rukaura 2. ,,Animal cloning: What is the furute"- 2002 January, BBC News 3. Euroopa Eetika Grupi koduleht: www.eko.org.ee 4. Rait Rand, refetaat, ,,Kloonimine" 5. http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasutaja:Kj19/Dna_kloneerimine
Energia säästmine (Energy conservation) 2. Ressurside kaitse (Resource protection) 3. Toidu ja vee tootmine ning selle jaotamine (Food and water production and distribution) 4. Jäätmekäitlus (Waste management) 5. Haridus ning õppimine (Education and learning) 6. Meditsiin ning eluiga pikkendamine (Medicine and prolonging life) 7. Turvalisus ning terrorismivastane võitlus (Security and counter-terrorism) 8. Uus tehnoloogia (New technology) 9. Geneetika ja kloonimine (Genetics and cloning) 10. Globaalne side (Global communication) 11. Liiklus ja rahvastiku logistika (Traffic and population logistics) 12. Teadmiste jagamine (Knowledge sharing) 13. Integreeritud elektrooniline keskkond (Integrated electronic environment ) 14. Globaliseerumine (Globalization ) 15. Interfeis ning robootika (Interfaces and robotics ) 16. Ilma prognoosimine ning kontroll (Weather prediction and control ) 17. Jätkusuutlik tootmine (Sustainable development ) 18. Meelelahutus (Entertainment )
date of birth, to commit identity theft. [2] The different types of identity theft The Identity Theft Resource Centre sub-divides identity theft into six different categories.[3] Criminal identity theft (posing as another person when apprehended for a crime) Financial identity theft (using another's identity to obtain credit, goods and services) Identity cloning (using another's information to assume his or her identity in daily life) Medical identity theft (using another's identity to obtain medical care or drugs) Child identity theft. Synthetic identity theft(thief steals pieces of information from different people to create a new identity). How does identity theft happen There are many different types of schemes identity criminals use. This can range from non-
The sites of collection were not located in sequencing PCR procedures were conducted using J of the protected or privately owned areas. recommended amounts of reagents. To identify the species by light microscopy, spicule preparations The PCR products from five specimens were cloned into the were made by treatment of aliquots of samples with concentrated pTZ57R/T vector using InsTAclone PCR Cloning KitTM nitric acid for 10 min at 95uC. After removing the organic matter (Fermentas), following the manufacturer's instructions. Either the spicules were extensively washed with water and mounted on vector specific primers or PCR product specific primers were slides. used to sequence the cloned fragments. Gemmules were isolated from sponge specimens and stored at
Rakud liideti elektri- impulsiga Munaraku tuum eemaldati Rakk jagunes nagu embrüo Embrüo siirdati Sündis kloon – kolmandale lambale Dolly http://www.millerandlevine.com/cloning/dolly-fig-13-13.jpg Kloonitud on hiiri, küülikuid, kasse, lambaid, kitsi, sigu, muulasid, veiseid, hobuseid jne. Pole suudetud kloonida ahve, konni. Tegelikult enamus katsetustest ei õnnestu: nt. hobune saadi 328 katsetuse tulemusel. Kloonide eluiga on normaalsest lühem. Miks? Tegelikult ei ole kloonid väljanägemiselt ja omadustelt identsed. Ka ühemunakaksikute sõrmejäljed on erinevad. Miks kloonida? 1. Transgeensete organismide saamiseks 2
, Windows NT-, Windows 2000- ja Mac operatsioonisüsteemidel. B Bourne Again Shell (bash) – Bash (Bourne Again Shell) is the free version of the Bourne shell distributed with Linux and GNU operating systems. - Bourne shelli tasuta versioon Linuxile ja GNU-ga operatsioonisüsteemidele. Bash Cheat Sheets – Webpages, where you can find information about bash. - Lehed, kust saab kiiresti informatsiooni bash'i kohta. C Clonezilla – Clonezilla is a free open source disk cloning application based on Debian. - Tasuta kõigile kättesaadav plaadi/ketta kloonimis tarkvara, mis põhineb Debian OS'il. Compiere – Compiere is a popular open-source system of software applications that provide enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management (SCM), tax accounting, and general accounting for the small and medium-size enterprise. - Kõigile kättesaadav populaarne tarkvara, mis võimaldab
Rakud liideti elektri- impulsiga Munaraku tuum eemaldati Rakk jagunes nagu embrüo Embrüo siirdati Sündis kloon kolmandale lambale Dolly http://www.millerandlevine.com/cloning/dolly-fig-13-13.jpg Kloonitud on hiiri, küülikuid, kasse, lambaid, kitsi, sigu, muulasid, veiseid, hobuseid jne. Pole suudetud kloonida ahve, konni. Tegelikult enamus katsetustest ei õnnestu: nt. hobune saadi 328 katsetuse tulemusel. Kloonide eluiga on normaalsest lühem. Miks? Tegelikult ei ole kloonid väljanägemiselt ja omadustelt identsed. Ka ühemunakaksikute sõrmejäljed on erinevad. Miks kloonida?: 1. Transgeensete organismide saamiseks 2
The British construction industry continues to be engaged in some of the most prestigious international projects. Britain also excels in the field of scientific and technological innovation. The oldest universities are Oxford and Cambridge which are also centres of scientific research. There have been several British breakthroughs in genetics research, including the identification of genes linked to diseases e.g. a form of breast cancer. In 1997 scientists in Edinburgh succeeded in cloning a sheep. Scotland and Northern Ireland have long been noted for their production of whisky and textiles, notably tweed and linen respectively. Today Scotland is also a major producer of computers. The leading manufacturing regions are Greater London, Greater Manchester, West Midlands (Birmingham), Yorkshire, Newcastle, Glasgow, Bristol. Britain has relatively few mineral resources. Zinc, tin, iron ore and copper are
[11] 26. (i) R questions embryo, potential human/member of society/right to life/killed/AW; may be from abortion; scientist making decision for use of embryo/consent may not be required; parents may not know fate; religious objection; may involve cloning; some stem cells can be obtained instead from umbilical cord; AVP; 1 max (ii) treat/cure for, anaemia/sickle cell anaemia/named blood disease; blood, for transfusion/to replace loss; treat, immune disorders/SCID/lupus; treat, non-Hodgkins lymphoma/some types of cancer/leukaemia; treat/cure for, Alzheimer’s disease;
Oluline, et usaldusväärsed meetodid DNA eraldamine: Purusta rakud Lisa soolalahus, et DNA viia lahusesse Lisa orgaaniline lahus (kloroform), et valgud ja rasvad eralduks Lisa alkohol ja DNA sadestub välja Kloneerimine Vektor - DNA molekul mida kasutatakse geneetlise materjali kandjana (viib DNA teise rakku) Neli tüüpi: Plasmiid Bakteri või viiruse faag Kosmiidid Kunstlikud kromosoomid BAC, YAC) Sisaldab: OriC (Origin of replication) multikloneerimise koht (multiple cloning site) Marker geen Restriktsiooni ensüümid - Nö. ,,DNA käärid". Tunnevad ära teatud DNA järjestuse ja katkestavad ahela ( Eco Ri). Bakterid produtseerivad ensüüme nimega restriktsioonilised endonukleaasid. Need ensüümid lõikavad DNA ahelat kindlate 4 - 8 aluspaari pikkuste järjestuste juurest. Funktsioon: kaitsta baktereid faagide sissetungi eest, lagundades nende DNA enne, kui faag jõuab mikroobi kahjustada. Omaenese restriktaaside suhtes on bakterid resistentsed, sest
järjestus. Lisaülesanded: 4.1) Leia Wallace reegli abil (4x GC + 2x AT) T3 ja T7 praimerite sulamistemperatuurid. Kui "annealing" või hübridisatsiooni temperatuur peab praimeri sulamistemperatuurist olema ~5 oC madalam, siis milline on sobiv temperatuur antud PCR reaktsiooniks? T3 51 kraadi, T7 53 kraadi 4.2) Millise osa PCR produktist moodustab plasmiidi järjestus? Tee see kindlaks kasutades pBS KS+ plasmiidi kaarti (eelnevalt antud), nn. "multiple cloning site" järjestust kasutades. 160-170 nukleotiidi koos mõlemate praimerite ja vektoritega. 4.3) Arvuta Wallace reegli abil praimerite X: 5'-AAGATGCCATGAAGATGCCA-3' ja Y: 5'- TGGCATCTTCATGGCATCTT-3' sulamistemperatuurid. Milline näeb välja PCR profiil, kui nende praimeritega amplifitseerida 250 bp pikkust fragmeti. Arvesse tuleb võtta, et Taq polümeraasi kiirus on ligikaudu 1000 nt/min. Mõlema tulemus 58-5=53 kraadi.denaturatsioon 94 kraadi, ekstensioon 72 kraadi, hübridisatsioon 53
komponente. YAC on valmistatud pärmi kromosoomi spetsiifiliste piirkondade põhjal ning BAC toodetud F-plasmiidi põhjal. YAC on lineaarne fragment, kuid BAC sirkulaarne. YAC and BAC vectors are two types of artificial vector systems designed to clone large genomic DNA fragments. They have multiple applications in the preparation of genomic and cDNA libraries. 15. Kirjelda kloneerimise protseduuri. Mis on kloneerimiseks hädavajalikud komponendid ning tingimused? Geeni kloonimine (ingl. gene cloning) eeldab mitut järjestikust protseduuri, milledeks on uuritava geeni: 1) isoleerimine; 2) viimine isereplitseeruvasse geneetilisse elementi (plasmiidi või viirusgenoomi); 3) amplifikatsioon ehk paljundamine; 4) uuritava geeniga rekombinantsete kloonide selektsioon. 16. Mis on geeniraamatukogud? 1:43. Geeniraamatukogu on bakteri või faagikloonide kogumid millest iga kloon sisaldab meid huvitavast geneetilisest materjalist ühte konkreetset alamosa. 17
madalam, siis milline on sobiv temperatuur antud PCR reaktsiooniks? T7 ja T3 praimerite sulamistemperatuurid on : ( 8*4+12*2)=56 oC. Kui "annealing" või hübridisatsiooni temperatuur peab praimeri sulamistemperatuurist olema ~5 oC madalam, siis sobiv temperatuur antud PCR reaktsiooniks on 56-5=51 oC. 4.2) Millise osa PCR produktist moodustab plasmiidi järjestus? Tee see kindlaks kasutades pBS KS+ plasmiidi kaarti (eelnevalt antud), nn. "multiple cloning site" järjestust kasutades. T7 promootorist SAC2 ni ja SAC2-st T3 promootorini. 4.3) Arvuta Wallace reegli abil praimerite X: 5'-AAGATGCCATGAAGATGCCA-3' ja Y: 5'- TGGCATCTTCATGGCATCTT-3' sulamistemperatuurid. Milline näeb välja PCR profiil, kui nende praimeritega amplifitseerida 250 bp pikkust fragmeti. Arvesse tuleb võtta, et Taq polümeraasi kiirus on ligikaudu 1000 nt/min. Praimerite X ja Y sulamistemperatuurid on : (9*4+2*11) =58 oC. 4
Kunstlikud kromosoomid 7. Restriktaasid, kloonimissait restriktaas (ingl. Restrictase)- Endonukleaas, mis tunneb ära lühikesi spetsiifilisi DNA-järjestusi ja lõikab DNA-molekuli selles restriktsioonisaidis või selle lähedalt katki. polülinker (polükloonimissait) (ingl. Polylinker, Polycloning site)- DNA-segment, mis sisaldab rea unikaalseid restriktaaside lõikesaite. 8. Kloonimisvektorid, tüübid kloonimisvektor (ingl. Cloning vector)- Väike isereplitseeruv DNA- molekul (plasmiid või viiruskromosoom), millesse geenide kloonimisel insertseeritakse võõras huvipakkuv DNA. 9. Kloonide selektsioon, positiivne, negatiivne kloonselektsioon e. klonaalne selektsioon (ingl. Clonal selection)- Organismi immuunsüsteemi reageering antigeenile. B- ja T-lümfotsüütide selektsioon nende diferentseerumisel – oma antigeene ründavad rakud hävitatakse.
line 9: when line 20: it line 9: I've just taken line 11: the line 11: do you Maturita Challenge! 1 line 13: term has ended page 9394 Review 2 page 98 line 14: you will be able to Reading 1 1 cloning 6 organisation line 16: I won't be working 1 16th century 2 genetic 7 procedure line 18: so short 2 young 3 owner 8 Scientist line 19: What I need is 3 the Bloody Countess 4 indispensible 9 variations 4 victim 5 exactly 10 delighted 5 Central Europe
http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?omim+103870 Aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphatase http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?omim+229600 Reference 1 Horecker, B.L., Tsolas, O. and Lai, C.Y. Aldolases, in Boyer, P.D. (Ed.), The Enzymes, 3rd edn., vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1972, pp. 213-258. 2 http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?medline+2649077 Alefounder PR, Baldwin SA, Perham RN, Short NJ. Cloning, sequence analysis and over-expression of the gene for the class II fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 257 (1989) 529-34. Püruvaatkinaas: Disease Pyruvate kinase-3 http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?omim+179050 Pyruvate kinase, liver and RBC type http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?omim+609712 Reference 1 Boyer, P.D. Pyruvate kinase. In: Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback,
of activity with a few exceptions. Specifically, in Georgia, investments are prohibited in the fol- lowing areas: a) Creation, production and proliferation of nuclear, bacteriological and chemical weap- ons; b) Construction of nuclear, bacteriological and chemical test ranges; c) Import of nuclear and toxic waste materials from foreign countries for dumping or ren- dering harmless; d) Execution of scientific and research projects related to human cloning; e) Production of narcotics; 79 CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK 79 f) Cultivation of poppy, coca bush and hemp plant of somatic effect; g) Any activity prohibited by international agreements of Georgia; h) Import and use of lead containing (above 0.013 grams per 1 liter) motor gasoline,
C. Fournitzis. 1997. References Effect of replacing pork backfat with olive oil on processing and quality characteristics of fermented Abriouel, H., A. Herrmann, J. Starke, N. M. Yousif, A. sausages. Meat Science 45:133–144. Wijaya, B. Tauscher, W. Holzapfel, and C. M. A. P. Casaburi, A., M. C. Aristoy, S. Cavella, R. Di Monaco, Franz. 2004. Cloning and heterologous expression of D. Ercolini, F. Toldra, and F. Villani. 2007. hematin-dependent catalase produced by Lactobacillus Biochemical and sensory characteristics of traditional plantarum CNRZ 1228. Applied and Environmental fermented sausages of Vallo di Diano (Southern Italy) Microbiology 70:603–606. as affected by use of starter cultures. Meat Science Albano, H., S. D. Todorov, C. A. van Reenen, T
Because other conditions can give the impression of being tortoiseshell, some matings which theoretically have a high probability of producing tortie kittens will only ever produce red or black kittens. At the other extreme, a genetically tortoiseshell cat may appear to be solid ginger or solid black because of the way the X chromosomes activated - these cats will produce unexpected tortie kittens in appropriate matings. CLONING TORTOISESHELLS This may seem an odd topic, but if you clone a tortoiseshell cat you will end up
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