propageeris kokkuhoidlikust ja lihtsat riietust. Calvini õpetus leidis kiiresti poolehoidjaid eriti vaesemate kihtise seas. Elurõõmsatele linnaelanikele ei meeldinud Calvini vaated, kuna ta ei lubanud lõbutseda. Näiteks oli pühapäevadel keelatud sünnipäevade tähistamine, teatri külastused ja muud. Pühapäeviti kohustas Valvin inimesi lugema piiblit. Kõige selle juures oli Calvin väga vaenulik teisiti mõtlejate suhtes. Oma vaenlasi laskis Calvin kinni võtta ja hukata. Calvinism saavutas populaarsuse eriti prantsusmaal ja inglismaal. Prantsusmaal nimetati Calviniste hugenotideks. Sotimaal presfüterlasteks ja inglismaal puritaanlasteks.
beginning of 17th century. During Elizabeth I reign, England became independent of the Pope in religious matters, England's overseas expansion began. It was a prosperous period. Georgian time was from the beginning of 18th century to 19th century. It was a time of immense social change. Many reforms were done. Victorian age was from 1837-1901. It was a time of prosperity. Industry grew and British Empire evolved. 6. What was the idea of Anglicanism? Calvinism? Anglicalism is not so very different from Catholicism in its organisation and ritual. But in the lowlands of Scotland it took a more idealistic form. Calvinism with its strict insistence on simplicity and its dislike of ritual and celebration became the dominant religion in England. 7. Who was the king who took the Union Flag into use? Why is it called the Union Flag? King James I took the Union Flag into use. The flag was a symbol of the united
REFORMATSIOON KIRIKUKRIIS 1. Vähenemise põhjused: *Avignioni vangipõlv *suur skisma- kiriku lõhe 1378-1417. Tekib kaks paavsti Rooma ja Avigiooni *kirikukogude liikumine 1409-1447....... 1447 Martinus V skisma leevendus, valitakse ainsaks paavstiks. 2. Paavstlusevastase opositsiooni kasv *John Wyclif Inglismaal- tõlgib piibli inglise keelde *Jan Hus Tsehhimaal- tõlgib piibli tsehhikeelde; KARL IV on tema kuningas ja püüab teda kaitsta *Johannes Reuchlin ja Ulrich von Hutten Saksamaal- rõhutavad piibli tähtsust 3.USUREFORMATSIOON EHK USUPUHASTUS Mõiste seletus: *katse reformida katoliku kirikut ja pöörduda tagasi vana kiriku juurde *murrang 16.saj majanduses, poliitikas ja kultuuris ALGUS: 31.oktoobril 1517 naelutab Martin Luther 95 teesi Wittenbergi kiriku uksele. 1520.a paavst ei nõustu nende positsioonidega ning Luther pannakse kiriku vande alla; tema keiser on KARL V 1521.a Wormsi riigipäev tuleb kokk...
couldn't grow animals, had to move to big towns. Science and learning 1492 America was discovered by Columbus. Vasco da Gama found searoute to India (Suessi kanal 1950). Magalhaesi väin between South America and Tulemaa saar. He circumnavigated the Earth. Copernic claimed that the sun was the centre of the universe and other planets went around it. Establishment of Protestant churches movement was started by Martin Luther. Different branches of this movement in France Calvinism, Chatolic. Constant conflic between them in Ulster ( North-Ireland). In the 15th century printing was diccovered in Germany. 1476 a man called Caxton opened the first printing shop in London. Books became cheaper. Until that books were copied by clergyman. More books could be produced. Literacy spread, knowledge of reading. By te end of Renaissance half of the people could read. Monasteries wasn't so important anymore. Grammar schools came. Students are
laadis aastast 1520. Oli vaimulik. Zwingli arust oli tegemist Kristuse mälestustseremooniaga. Kindlasti ka Zwingli puhul pidi ka kirik olema odav. Kirik pidi olema rohkem nagu palvemaja. Kirikupühasi jäi Zwingli järgi alles ainult neli ja kirik pidi lõppkokkuvõttes olema odav. Zwingli hakkas tähtsustama tööd. Zwingli sai surma ja pärast ta surma tema poolt väljatöötatud põhimõtted sulandusid kokku Jean Calvini omadega. Calvini nimest tuleb Calvinism. Calvinismi põhimõte - Ettemääratus e. predestinatsioon. Tähendas seda, et jumal on inimesed jumalad välja valinud ja ühed inimesed on määratud hukatusse ja teised õndsusesse. Inimese enda tegevusest ja tahtest ei sõltu miski. Samas võib põhimõtteliselt Jumal inimesele maises elus märku anda, et ta on välja valitud. Märgiks oli edukus ja rikkus. See õpetus meeldis tekkivale kodanlusele. Tuli eralõbusi piirata.
Netherlands to his son, Philip II, who was Spanish by birth and education and had little liking for his northern European territories. His oppressive rule led to the epochal war of independence waged from 1568 to 1648 by the Dutch against Spain, then the most powerful nation in Europe. (3) 2.5 The Struggle for Independence The political disaffection between the Low Countries and Spain coincided with the Protestant revolt against the Roman Catholic Church, which was the state church of Spain. Calvinism, a Protestant movement, rapidly gained ground during this period; its adherents established in the Low Countries a well-organized church that was prepared to challenge the Roman Catholic 8 Church, particularly the Inquisition, a church institution that sought to control heresy. In 1566 riots in which mobs destroyed images in Catholic churches spread across the country. In
community could be formed. Transcendentalism was in many aspects the first notable American intellectual movement. It certainly was the first to inspire succeeding generations of American intellectuals, as well as a number of literary monuments. Rooted in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant (and of German Idealism more generally), it developed as a reaction against 18th Century rationalism, John Locke's philosophy of Sensualism, and the predestinationism of New England Calvinism. Its fundamental a variety of diverse sources such as: Vedic thought, various religions, and German idealism. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he
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