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how "contained in" the other, but because it is socially expected that one's
neighbor would perform the act of inferring the second sentence from the
first.
"Use" theories of this kind face two main obstacles: explaining how lan-
guage use differs from ordinary conventional rule-governed activities, such
as chess games, that generate no meaning; and explaining how, in particular, a
sentence can mean that so-and-so (as the French "La neige est blanche" means
that snow is white). Robert Brandom has recently offered a "Use Theory"
that claims to perform these feats.
As we saw in chapter 2, Russell's habit was to write a sentence on the
blackboard and examine (as he contended) the proposition expressed by the
sentence, treating it as an object of interest in itself and trying to discern
its structure. Ludwig Wittgenstein and J. L. Austin argued that this picture
of how language works and how it should be studied is completely wrong.
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