TRADERUN MOODUL TRADERUN MODULE BUSINESS PECULIARITIES IN THE EU, RUSSIA AND EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES ÄRI ERIPÄRAD EUROOPA LIIDUS, VENEMAAL JA IDAPARTNERLUSRIIKIDES Lecturers: Ryhor Nizhnikau (responsible) Giorgi Gaganidze, Sergei Proskura, Andres Assor P2EC.00.202 (UT code), RIE 7044 (TLU code) Reading materials: Business peculiarities in Ukraine and Belarus Lugemismatejal: Äri eripärad Ukrainas ja Valgenenes Created by Andres Assor Tartu 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4 1. UKRAINE ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.1
three months and several further deaths later. Acute radiation syndrome was originally diagnosed in 237 people on-site and involved with the clean-up. Of these, 28 people died as a result of it within a few weeks of the accident. Nobody off-site suffered from acute radiation effects although a large proportion of childhood thyroid cancers diagnosed since the accident is likely to be due to intake of radioactive iodine fallout. Furthermore, large areas of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and beyond were affected. The Chernobyl site and plant The Chernobyl Power Complex in Ukraine consisted of four nuclear reactors. Two reactors were under construction at the time of the accident. An artificial lake was constructed to provide cooling water for the reactors. The 1986 Chernobyl accident On 25 April the reactor crew at Chernobyl 4 began preparing for a test to determine how long turbines would spin and supply power to the main circulating pumps following a
extended via Paide to Tallinn in 1901 PRESENT SERVICES The rail transport system in Estonia consists of circa 1,200 kilometres of railway lines, of which 900 kilometres are currently in public use. The infrastructure of the railway network is mostly owned by the state and is regulated and surveyed by the Estonian Railway Inspectorate (Estonian: Raudteeinspektsioon). All public railways in Estonia are 1,520 mm , the same as in Russia, Belarus, Latvia, and Lithuania. The 1,520 km gauge used in Estonia is also compatible with Finland's 1,524 km gauge. Sometimes it is defined to be 1,524 km, for example when buying track maintenance or vehicles from Finland. Railways in Estonia today are used mostly for freight transport, but also for passenger traffic. Passenger transport is most frequent near Tallinn, centred on the main Balti jaam. RAILWAY MUSEUMS IN HAAPSALU AND LAVASSAARE
Populaarsemad puudujad riiulitelt olid seep, liha, wc-paber, kuid puudu oli ka kalossidest. Loomulikult tekitas selline olukord rahva hulgas pahameelt. Nõukogude Liit ei tahtnud arengu poolest lääneriikidest maha jääda. Asju tehti omamoodi ning leiti erinevaid alternatiive. Tehnika poole pealt on sellest ajast pärit sellised ainulaadsed autod nagu Zaporozets ja Moskvits ning Minskis toodetud traktor Belarus, mis oli ka Eestis ääretult populaarne masin. Nõuka-ajal oli kombeks panna oma toodangule külge kvaliteedimärk, mis pidi näitama vene toodete kvaliteetsust. Eriline oli ka Vene sõjavägi, mis oli võrreldes teiste riikide sõjaväega palju karmim ja kestis tihtipeale 2-3 aastat, mereväes oldi veelgi kauem. Sõjaväkke minek oli sunniviisiline ning kunagi ei võinud teada, kuhu sind saadetakse, paljud eestlasedki sattusid seetõttu kodust väga kaugele. Nõukogude Liit sai suure
In Estonia you can learn how to be a diplomat in Diplomatic School. It is very difficult to get in because every year they accept only around 30 students. You have to be flexible in your working hours because probably with the job you have to attend a lot of meetings or gatherings in the evenings. Conditions might be different depending on the country you are staying, like in America you'll probably have very good living environment, but if you have to compare it wiht Ukraine or Belarus then there are differences. Working in this field requires at least a degree from the university in any kind of subject that interests you. In my mind it would be better to get a degree in languages or in public relations, something that has anything to do with the work. It is good if the person who wants to become a diplomat is passionate about the work he or she will do, like travelling and communicating with other people, is open minded about things that might come up in his or
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a esimesel veerandil (2006. a tasemeni). (UNECE 2008) Alates 1990ndate keskpaigast on plaaditootmine SRÜs, ja eriti Venemaal, kindlalt tõusnud (Joonis 7). millele oli heaks baasiks ümarpuit, mille saak Venemaal Joonis 7 SRÜ plaaditoodangu maht, ForeSTAT 2008 10000000 9000000 8000000 7000000 6000000 Belarus m3 5000000 Russian Federation Ukraine 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 suurenes 2007. a 12% jõudes 162 milj m3-ni. Puidutoorme hulka SRÜs mõjutasid 2006-2008 ebatavaliselt pehmed talved. (UNECE 2008) 2007
Tõstejõud - 3137 2272 2734 4800 3105 2633 2348 3037 väikseim - suurim 3367 3150 3893 5446 3224 3869 3391 3730 Müratase dB(A) Maksim. müratase 77,0 75,5 72,0 77,5 76,5 73,0 73,0 74,9 veol " " suurimal 76,5 76,0 74,0 77,0 77,5 77,5 73,0 75,9 kiirusel 2002 aastal oli vaatluse all 6 traktorifirma (Deutz-Fahr, Valtra, New Holland, Belarus, John Deere, Massey Ferguson) 16 traktorit, millede mootori võimsused olid vahemikus 100...260, keskmine 152 hj. Traktorite vanus oli 1...4 aastat, aasta koormus 1339 töötundi. Traktorite kütusekulu kõigub suurtes piirides, olles künnil 13...25, keskmiselt 16 l/h. Korras adra korral ei sõltu kütusekulu niivõrd küntava põllu seisundist (kõrrepõld, sööt), kuivõrd mulla lõimisest, eriti aga mulla niiskusest.
I am neither short nor tall, so I like to wear highheeled shoes, trousers or jeans. I was born on the 25th of April 1985 in the town of Molodechno where I live now together with my parents and my younger sister (older brother). My early years which I remember badly, were typical of a child living in a town. I was born in a family of a teacher and a doctor. I was sent to a kindergarten at the age of three as both the parents were working. As all the children of Belarus I went to school at the age of six. Here I should say that it was my lucky chance to study for 11 years at the school of fine arts in the town of Molodechno . it turned out to be the best school in our town. There I got a proper training in such subjects as English, Russian and Belarusian literature and world culture. I usually did a lot of home preparation for them and I liked everything I was doing in them. I really tried hard in them. But despite my efforts I was not good at Math
tõstab sagedust) • Reguleerimine on - Elektrienergia salvestamine Tootmise reguleerimine Tarbimise juhtimine Üle maailma on sünkroonalad, mis siis sõbralikult jagavad elektrit kaubeldes ja toimetades ÜHENDENERGIASÜSTEEMidega. - Nendes süsteemides on sagedused igas osas samad ja ühendatud vahleduvvooluliinidega. Kahe erineva süsteemi vahel on alalisvooluühendused. - Eesti on russidega ühes - BRELL (Belarus-Russia-Estonia-Latvia-Lithuania) - Töötab edukalt, rikkeid pole olnud Kui kellelgi tuleb meelde mõni miinus, siis… • Pinge suurendamisega on võimalik elektrijuhi soojuskadusid vähendada • Vahelduvvoolu pinge muutmiseks saab kasutada trafot • Elektrienergia tootmine ja tarbimine peavad olema tasakaalus • Suurem elektrisüsteem on üldjuhul töökindlam 4) Elektri olemus (Heigo Mõlder)
2. TERAVILJA KASVATAMINE Ettevõte AS Setra Mõis tegeleb teraviljakultuuride, heinaseemnete ja õlikultuuride seemnete tootmise, pakendamise ja turustamisega. Kokku on haritavad maad üle 900 hektari. Kasvatatakse talinisu, rapsi, tritikut, hernest, kaera ja otra. Kuna teine ettevõte OÜ Kärss-Jorss kasvatab sigu, siis haritakse maad ka oma tarbeks. Teravilja ettevõttel on omad masinad, millega maid haritakse. Põhilised masinad, mida mina põldudel nägin olid Traktor BELARUS 1025 ja New Holland traktor T.7.260. Tabel 1. Traktorite tehnilised andmed Tehniline spetsifikatsioon BELARUS 1025 New Holland T.7.260 Veojõu tüüp Neljarattavedu Neljarattavedu Mootori võimsus 110 hj 230 hj Mootori töömaht 4752 cm3 6728 cm3
Switzerland 7459128 7508739 Montenegro 613109 614624 Former Yugoslav Republic of Maced 2038514 2041941 Albania 3149143 3152625 Serbia 7425487 7397651 Turkey 68860539 69729967 Andorra 78549 81222 Belarus 9750540 9714461 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3842650 3844017 Kosovo (under United Nations Secur 2100000 2126708 Moldova 3589936 3581110 Monaco : : Russia 142753551 142220968
The Republic of Moldova actively pursues EU membership, but it is poorer than any other European country and has to resolve issues over its break away region of Transinistra before it can join. Nevertheless, the EU is developing an increasingly close relationship with Moldova, going beyond co-operation, to gradual economic integration and a deepening of political co- operation. I do not think that the criteria should prepare countries to join the EU due to the fact that it would include Belarus, which is very undemocratic etc. I believe that the ENP and criteria for the candidate countries may be similare but they should not serve the same target, because unfortunately some parnership countries could not fulfill even the half of the criteria that membership countries shoud. 4.Which are the areas of cooperation and evaluation in the ENP that overlap with the EU accession criteria? Which are the fields that the ENP does not cover and only Copenhagen Criteria assesses?
functions, as well as on the development of linguistics as a global discipline. Six such agendas can be pinpointed: (1) the Orthodox emancipation agenda (1600-1700), (2) the Russian nation building agenda (1700-present), (3) the scientific agenda (1860-present), (4) the Marxist agenda (1917-1989), (5) the Eurasian agenda (1920-1935), (6) the cybernetic agenda (1953-1975). Russian language Russian language is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine and Latvia, and to a lesser extent, the other post-Soviet states and former members of the Eastern Bloc. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond.
Montenegro 613109 614624 615543 Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace 2038514 2041941 2045177 Albania 3149143 3152625 3170050 Serbia 7425487 7397651 7365507 Turkey 68860539 69729967 70586256 Andorra 78549 81222 83137 Belarus 9750540 9714461 9689770 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3842650 3844017 3843846 Kosovo (under United Nations Secu 2100000 2126708 2153139 Moldova 3589936 3581110 3572703 Monaco : : :
Switzerland 7459128 7508739 Montenegro 613109 614624 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedon 2038514 2041941 Albania 3149143 3152625 Serbia 7425487 7397651 Turkey 68860539 69729967 Andorra 78549 81222 Belarus 9750540 9714461 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3842650 3844017 Kosovo (under United Nations Securit 2100000 2126708 Moldova 3589936 3581110 Monaco : :
sisse mugava ja ,,usutava" klisee, ning see, et raamatusari käsitleb muuhulgas noorte poiste ja tüdrukute vahelisi probleeme, muudab ta kõigile tuttavaks ja suhestatavaks). Zara on tegelane, kelle võib leida praktiliselt kõigist prostitutsiooni mainivatest raamatutest ja filmidest. On iseenesestmõistetav, et vähemalt Euroopas on kultuuriteose prostituut Idast, mõistab vene keelt, ning kui mitte Venamaalt, siis poolakas, ukrainlane, Belarus. Ka Ameerikas on ta tihti sealtkandist, ent vahel ka mõnest süütust maakohast nagu Ohio või Texas, tulnud suurde linna Ameerika unistust jahtima mis on ka see, mille järel on Zara: raha, haridus, amet, ilusad asjad. Kultuuritoodangus kohtame halva südamega prostituuti maruharva. Zara on ettearvatavalt väga hea inimene, kes usaldab teisi liiga palju, keda kasutatakse ära, kes ei otsinud seda tööd, vaid keda sunniti selleks. Ning Saksamaa on
Norway 4640219 4681134 Switzerland 7459128 7508739 Montenegro 613109 614624 Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace 2038514 2041941 Albania 3149143 3152625 Serbia 7425487 7397651 Turkey 68860539 69729967 Andorra 78549 81222 Belarus 9750540 9714461 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3842650 3844017 Kosovo (under United Nations Secu 2100000 2126708 Moldova 3589936 3581110 Monaco : : Russia 142753551 142220968
Switzerland 7459128 7508739 Montenegro 613109 614624 Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace 2038514 2041941 Albania 3149143 3152625 Serbia 7425487 7397651 Turkey 68860539 69729967 Andorra 78549 81222 Belarus 9750540 9714461 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3842650 3844017 Kosovo (under United Nations Secu 2100000 2126708 Moldova 3589936 3581110 Monaco : : Russia 142753551 142220968
Norway 4640219 4681134 Switzerland 7459128 7508739 Montenegro 613109 614624 Former Yugoslav Republic of Mace 2038514 2041941 Albania 3149143 3152625 Serbia 7425487 7397651 Turkey 68860539 69729967 Andorra 78549 81222 Belarus 9750540 9714461 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3842650 3844017 Kosovo (under United Nations Secu 2100000 2126708 Moldova 3589936 3581110 Monaco : : Russia 142753551 142220968
· tihti puudub info uute masinate sobivuse kohta Eesti oludes (muldade ja viljeldavate kultuuride osas) · uued masinad on tootlikud ja nõuavad vähem tööjõudu, mistõttu suureneb tööpuudus · ühistuline masinate kasutus on vähe levinud · Traktorite ost Eestis · 1997. aastal algas nüüdisaegsete traktorite ost · 2006. aastal 439 uut, 2007. aastal 1844 uut, 2008. aastal 1538, 2010 296, 2011 580 · Traktorite ost aastal 2008 1. Valtra 2. John Deere 3. Belarus MTZ 4. New Holland 5. CaselH · · Traktorite ost aastal 2011 1. John Deere 2. Valtra 3. New Holland 4. Dong Feng 5. Fendt 6. Belarus MTZ · Kulude arvestamine üldmasinatel tundide järgi · Kulude arvestamine erimasinatel tooteühikute järgi · 2007. aasta uuringu alusel pidas 51% ettevõtetest traktorite optimaalseks veojõuklassiks 180hj. Aastane töömaht 1200-1500 tundi. · Teraviljakombainide ost Eestis
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622 978 623 576 624 896 627 508 630 142 616 411 619 872 621 240 2 035 196 2 038 514 2 041 941 2 045 177 2 048 619 2 052 722 2 057 284 2 059 794 Serbia 7 490 918 7 470 263 Turkey 69 770 026 70 692 009 Albania 3 102 781 3 119 548 Andorra 67 159 72 320 Belarus 9 898 590 9 849 062 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 830 349 3 837 414 Kosovo 1 985 000 2 016 000 Moldova 3 618 312 3 607 435 Monaco : 32 828 Russia 145 166 731 144 168 205 San Marino : 29 241 Ukraine 47 823 108 47 442 079 Armenia 3 210 300 3 212 200
countries worked differently). Econ catastrophes, not able to bring out, more conservative people. Riots come out of econ catastrophe. Good-thinking people willing to compromise some freedom for stability, have trains run on time, less crime on streets, mafia. Not happening under Yeltsin. Runaway inflation. Edu for civil society takes generation. Baltics and Poland had liberal past to cling to, crawl back on. Remittances brought hard currency in, natl and household economies. Belarus - $ coming from Russia. Hungary big on farming. SU not doing anything about anti-Semitism from below. Bigger fish to fry. Relaxation of censors, also relaxation of anti-Semitic publications. 56, de-Stalin speech. No mention of Stalin's anti-J repression. Would be hard to expect people to feel individual guilt for anti-Semitism. 61-63, new wave of subtle anti-Sem from above. Economic trials. Two economies, one that is centrally planned, other the black market
Montenegro 615543 617157 North Macedonia 2045177 2048619 Albania 2958266 2936355 Serbia 7365507 7334937 Turkey 70586256 71517100 Andorra 83137 84484 Belarus 9689770 9671912 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3843846 3843998 Kosovo (under United Nations Secu 2153139 2180686 Moldova 3572703 3567512 Monaco : :
Using various studies of history, Huntington divided the world into the "major" civilizations in his thesis as such: Western civilization, centered on Western Europe (particularly the European Union) and North America, but also including other European-derived countries such as Australia and New Zealand. Huntington also includes the Pacific Islands, East Timor, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern and central Philippines. The Orthodox world of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine Latin America. May be considered a part of Western civilization, though it has slightly distinct social and political structures from Europe and North America. The Muslim world of Central Asia, North Africa, Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Somalia, Mindanao, and parts of India, Russia and
Aust ria Vienna 1,562,000 t Ufa- Azerb aija n 8a ku Belarus 1.792,000 Mosco w Kaza n'
(which then collapsed and became separate countries again) A + B > A; Countries merge but in the end there will be one of the original countries left, it got bigger. E.g. Eastern and Western Germany merged. A > B + C; Collapse of the country, country can be divided into completely new countries (recognition needed for new countries). E.g. Yugoslavia in the late stages when only two countries were left, Tsehhoslovakkia, Soviet Union (Baltic States, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia, Kasaksthan, gergistan, usbekistan, Turkmenistan +1) A > A + B; Collapse of the country, a part of the country leaves and the country remains (recognition for the new country). E.g. Yugoslavia in the early stages when some countries left, Sudan, Kosowa from Serbia, something from Ethiopia, Pakistan from India. South Sudan from Sudan Succession of the states
mln) recorded for each study animal · Urban animals were 1,52 kg heavier than animals from nearby rural study area (10,5kg vs 9 kg) · Radio tracking: o Repeatedly recording animals locations Range of individuals and groups · Mean individual home ranges: males 6,16ha; females 3,8 · Mean group ranges: o Brighton: 9ha o Sussex: 90ha o A town in Belarus; Poland: 1280 ha · Smallest recorded ranges for badgers · Badgers only require small range in this urban habitat Habitat selection · Scrub and garden habitats particularly important · Scrub is `natural' habitat that provides shelter and somewhere to locate sett.. but does not ecplain small ranges · Importance of garden habitat: o Abundant food available in gardens: 53% of households provided food, either deliberately or inadvertently
Africa Ghana Aruba Africa Cameroon Azerbaijan Africa Ivory Coast Australia Africa Uganda Austria Africa Zambia Bahamas Africa Madagascar Bahrain Africa Sudan Bangladesh Africa Senegal Barbados Africa Mozambique Belarus Africa Angola Belgium Africa Namibia Belize Africa Guinea Benin Africa DRC Bermuda Africa Cabo Verde Bhutan Africa Botswana Bolivia Africa Zimbabwe Bosnia and Herzegovina Africa Gabon Botswana Africa Mauritania Brazil
83 Qatar 24.94 Saudi Arabia 11.72 Singapore 44.77 Sri Lanka 1.7 Syria 8.78 Taiwan-China 49.96 Tajikistan 3.77 Thailand 7.95 Turkmenistan 7.4 United Arab Emirates 35.09 Uzbekistan 6.68 Viet Nam 2.07 Yemen 1.34 Albania 2.33 Euroopa Andorra 43.14 Austria 49.18 Belarus 22.66 Belgium 46.81 Bosnia 8 Bulgaria 32.26 Croatia 33.53 Cyprus 56.97 Czech Republic 31.84 Denmark 63.33 Estonia 32.1 Finland 55.68 France 57.61 Germany 54.98 Greece 51.61 Hungary 26.06 Iceland 61.69 Ireland 41.14 Italy 44.68 Jersey 73.39 Latvia 30.16 Lithuania 28.29
COUNTRY DOMAIN NAMES at the Internet .ad Andorra .ae United Arab Emirates .ag Antigua and Barbuda .ai Anguilla .al Albania .am Armenia .ar Argentina .at Austria .au Australia .aw Aruba .ba Bosnia-Herzegovina .be Belgium .bg Bulgaria .bh Bahrain .bm Bermuda .bn Brunei Darussalam .bo Bolivia .br Brazil .bs Bahamas .bw Botswana .by Belarus .bz Belize .ca Canada .cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands .ch Switzerland .ci Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) .cl Chile .cn China .co Colombia .cr Costa Rica .cu Cuba .cy Cyprus .cz Czech Republic .de Germany .dk Denmark .dm Dominica .do Dominican Republic .ec Ecuador .ee Estonia .eg Egypt .es Spain .et Ethiopia .fi Finland .fj Fiji .fm Micronesia
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