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"bacteria" - 65 õppematerjali

bacteria

Kasutaja: bacteria

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Bacteria - kreeka sõnast bakteria

Bakter Bakterid (Bacteria; kreeka sõnast bakteria 'kepp, sau') on kõige väiksemad (mikroskoopilised) üherakulised eeltuumsed organismid, kes suudavad iseseisvalt paljuneda ja kasvada. Baktereid uurivat teadusharu nimetatakse bakterioloogiaks. Laias mõttes on arvatud bakterite hulka kõik prokarüoodid, see on nii pärisbakterid(Eubacteria) kui ka arhebakterid ehk arhed. Kitsamas mõttes käsitletakse bakteritena vaid pärisbaktereid. 1975­1978 hakati arhesid eraldi rühmana käsitlema. Algul peeti neid vaheastmeks rakutuumata pärisbakterite ja rakutuumaga päristuumsete organismide vahel. Hiljem näidati, et nad on eristunud väga varasel evolutsioonietapil, mistõttu fülogeneetilise süstemaatika seisukohalt lahutati bakterid arhedest. Bakterid mängivad tähtsat rolli aineringes: lagundajatena...

Bioloogia
6 allalaadimist
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Eukarüoodid

esines meioos). Kui arvestdada liigilist mitmekesisust, siis enamus eukarüoote on hulkraksed (koelis-organilise ehitusega). · Eukarüootide päritolu Eukarüootide päritolu küsimus on veel üsna ebaselge. Kuidas ja millis(t)est prokarüootide rühma(de)st on nad kujunenud? Millal tekkisid esimesed eukarüoodid? Kas eukarüoodid tekkisid umbes samal ajal kui esimesed prokarüoodid (nn. kolm domeeni: Bacteria , Archaea ja Eucarya; Woese et al., 1990), hoopis tunduvalt hiljem ja mingist bakterite (Bacteria sensu Woese) harust (Cavalier-Smith, 2002) või hoopis kahe prokarüoodi ühinemisel (nt. Rivera & Lake, 2004), pole veel päris kindlaks tehtud. Vanimad eukarüootide kivistised on 1,5 (võibolla isegi 1,7-1,9) miljardit aastat vanad, kuid neid ei ole võimalik kindlalt paigutada ühessegi tänapäeval elavasse rühma (Javaux et al., 2003; Katz et al., 2004)....

Bioloogia
41 allalaadimist
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Health

Introduction 2. History 2.1. Early Hospitals 2.2 Recent developments 3. The National Health Service 4. Diseases 5. First Aid 6. Medicine and elements of medical care 7. Doctors 8. Ways of keeping health 9. Conclusion 10.Used materials 1. Introduction The human body is just like a machine with many parts. Each part has a special job, and all the parts work together to keep you alive and healthy. Good health is one of the most important things in life. There are certain things we can do to stay healthy. We should eat a balanced diet that includes the right kinds of food and drink plenty of clean, fresh water. We should exercise regularly, strengthening our muscles and keeping us in shape. Exercise helps the blood circulate around our bodies, cleaning out waste and supplying plenty of oxygen. It is also important what we get enough sleep. The number of hours we sleep we need dep...

Inglise keel
42 allalaadimist
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Homeless

Homelessness usually increases during periods of economic recession () and rising unemployment, when people can no longer afford ( ) housing, and governments cut down public housing expenses. Inadequate shelter or housing creates conditions that promote disease. Without decent ( ) protection, many of the poor are exposed ( ) to severe ( ) and dangerous weather as well as to bacteria and viruses carried by other people and animals. They also are more likely to become infected with diseases carried by insects or rodents (). In arid()regions, drought leaves the poor without clean water for drinking or bathing. In temperate climates, including in the major cities of developed countries many of the homeless poor are harmed by or die of exposure ()to extreme winter cold. Inadequate shelter almost always accompanies inadequate sanitation and unhygienic practices...

Inglise keel
21 allalaadimist
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Prevotella multiformis

sukroosist D-trehaloosist D-mannoosist D-ksüloosist D-rafinoosist glütseroolist D-ramnoosist salitsiinist Prevotella multiformis (biokeemia) Eskuliini ei hüdrolüüsi Indooli ei tooda Lagundab zelatiini Katalaasi ja ureaasi ei produtseeri G+C sisaldus 51,1-51,3% Prevotella multiformis (taksonoomia) Regnum: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Classis: Bacteroidetes Ordo: Bacteroidales Familia: Prevotellaceae Genus: Prevotella Species: Prevotella multiformis Prevotella multiformis (fülogenees) 16S rRNA analüüs ­ genus Prevotella Alguses arvati, et P. Denticola. Prevotella multiformis P.multiformis P.denticola P.bivia P.melaninogenica Eskuliini hüdrolüüs - + - - API 20A:...

Mikroobisüstemaatika
7 allalaadimist
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Oliivid

Piimhappebakterid kasutavad oliivides olevaid suhkruid, et toota laktaati, millega välditakse happelist keskkonda eelistavate enamasti Gram-negatiivsete bakterite ning kolivormsete bakterite kasvu. Madal soolalahus võimaldab vähendada ka oliivide soolasisaldust, et lõpptootes oliivi maitse poleks soolasuse poolt varjutatud. Starter-kultuuride kasutamine on oluline ka, et vältida saastumist Leuconostoc'i ja Lactobacillus bacteria poolt, kes tekitavad gaasi-,,taskuid". Kääritamisel esinevateks probleemideks on tekkivad gaasi-,,taskud" oliivide viljalihas (vastutavad enamasti pärmid- S. oleaginosus ja Hansenula anomala), sellele järgnev pehmenemine, oliivide kärbumine ja lühike ,,shelf-life" kestus. Lisaks vedelikes säilitamisele tuntakse ka veel oliivide kuivsoolamist. Sool eemaldab viljadest oleuropeiini kibeda maitse ja liigse vee. Veekaotus tingib aga omakorda õlihulga suhtelise suurenemise...

Geograafia
19 allalaadimist
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MRSA

D., an infectious disease specialist at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., answers these and other common questions about MRSA. What is MRSA, and why is it sometimes referred to as a "superbug"? · MRSA in hospitals. MRSA infection is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria - often called "staph." Many years ago, a strain of staph emerged in hospitals that was resistant to the broad-spectrum antibiotics commonly used to treat it. Dubbed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), it has been called a "superbug" by the media because of its multiple drug resistance. MRSA can cause serious, sometimes fatal, infections that resist treatment with all but a few drugs - for example, vancomycin, linezolid or daptomycin...

Nakkushaigused
35 allalaadimist
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All about High Tech

Before 1971, the term, biotechnology, was primarily used in the food processing and agriculture industries. Since the 1970s, it began to be used by the Western scientific establishment to refer to laboratory-based techniques being developed in biological research, such as recombinant DNA or tissue culture-based processes, or horizontal gene transfer in living plants, using vectors such as the Agrobacterium bacteria to transfer DNA into a host organism. In fact, the term should be used in a much broader sense to describe the whole range of methods, both ancient and modern, used to manipulate organic materials to reach the demands of food production. So the term could be defined as, "The application of indigenous and/or scientific knowledge to the management of (parts of) microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so that these supply goods...

Inglise keel
24 allalaadimist
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Estonian national dish

Sauerkraut Sauerkraut is finely shredded cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria , including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. It has a long shelf-life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. It is therefore not to be confused with coleslaw, which receives its acidic taste from vinegar. People of Estonia like sauerkraut very much. They definitely a great dish for Christmas, because it`s really good to eat it with potatoes or something like that. To make sauerkraut yourself you need to have: 1 kg sauerkraut, 700 g slightly salted pork, 100 g barley grits, 2 tomatoes, salt. This is how you can do it: Boil...

Inglise keel
17 allalaadimist
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Inglise leksikoloogia

Lexicology as a science L. studies the voc of lg as a system. Word-learning, lexis-logos. The task of L is to establish the general features of modern Engl voc. Theoretical L. gives a complete picture of voc. Practical value lies in using and appretiating the lg more conciously. There is diachronic (historical) L that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns m...

Inglise kirjanduse ajalugu
43 allalaadimist
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Bakterite paljunemine, suurus, kuju ja ehitus

Looduses · paljud elavad saprobiontidena - toituvad surnud orgaanilisest ainest · surnud organismide lagundajad · mulla kujundajad · peamiste bioelementide - C, O, N, P, S ringe looduses · kui bakterid ei põhjustaks surnud organismide kõdunemist, ei jätkuks mullas taimedele varsti enam toitu, ilma taimedeta aga ei saaks elada loomad. · erinevad kooselu vormid teiste organismidega - parasitism, mutualism, kommensialism · loomade seedekulglas votive bacteria ova seedimisest · peremeesorganism trite meningitis bakelite elutegevuses reckoned vitamin · timed hurtle leaved bacteria active timed tostada · Sinivetikas on mere toiteainerohkuse indikaator · Põhjustavad veeõitsengut Inimese elus · Antibiootikumide tootmisel (aktinomütseedid, tetratsükliin) · Vitamiinide tootmisel (propioonbakterite abil toodetakse vitamiini B12). · Aminohapete tootmisel (lõhna- ja maitsetugevdaja, toidulisand)...

Bioloogia
65 allalaadimist
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Organismid kui elupaigad teistele organismidele

3 1. Biootilised seosed organismide vahel.....................................................................................4 1.1. Parasitism..........................................................................................................................4 1.2 Sümbioos............................................................................................................................4 1.3 Kommensalism...................................................................................................................4 2. Endo- ehk siseparasiidid........................................................................................................5 2.1 Mikroparasiidid...

Ökoloogia
23 allalaadimist
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Neurobioloogias sönade seletus, ingl keelne

cortisol*). HYPERPOLARIZATION – A change in the membrane potential to a value more negative than the value of a resting potential. HYPOTHALAMUS – A complex brain structure which consists of many nuclei and performs various functions. It regulates the activity of internal organs, monitors autonomic system and controls the pituitary gland. IMMUNE SYSTEM – Various tissues, cells and their products responsible for protecting the organism against harmful bacteria , viruses and parasites. INHIBITION – In general: reducing, blocking enzyme/receptor activity. In reference to the neurone, it is a synaptic event which stops the receiving neurone from firing. IONS – Electrically charged atoms or molecules. LIMBIC SYSTEM – A group of brain structures, which includes the amygdala*, hippocampus* and septum and help regulate emotions and memory. MEMORY CONSOLIDATION – The physical and psychological process which take...

Psühholoogia
31 allalaadimist
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Aeroobsete ja Anaeroobsete bakterite metabolismi erinevused

Rühm Sõnade arv 1493 Tartu 2010 Summary Metabolism is one of the things that can be used to classify bacteria . For example aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are differentiated on the bases of their need for oxygen in the metabolism. The following report is a brief overview of bacterial metabolism, that is mostly concentrated on the diffrence between anaerobic metabolism ja aerobic metabolism. Because of the complexity of bacterial metabolism the report is mainly about the fundamental diffrences in catabolism (enzymes used and energy and products that are gained) and the defenceses that are used against...

Mikrobioloogia
38 allalaadimist
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Molekulaardiagnostika kordamisküsimused

Microbial culture Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bacteria are easily grown on nutrient agar, a form of solid medium that supplies carbohydrates and proteins necessary for growth of a bacterium, along with copious amounts of water. A single bacterium will grow into a visible mound on the surface of the plate called a colony, which may be separated from other colonies or melded together into a "lawn". The size, color, shape and form of a colony is characteristic of the bacterial species, its specific genetic makeup...

Molekulaardiagnostika
96 allalaadimist
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Bakterid meie nahal

Bakterid enamasti halba ei tee, sest nad on omad. Omad bakterid võivad muutuda ohtlikuks vaid, siis kui nad satuvad suures koguses sinna kus nad olla ei tohiks. Inimese nahal ja seedekulglas on vähemalt 400 liiki baktereid. Kõiki pole üles leitud kuna nad ei taha söötme peal kasvada.Võib-olla on neid umbes 700. Oluline on see et kõik bakterid on omad ja vajalikud. Enamik inimese ihuomastest bakterites elab kas seedekulglas või nahal. Näiteks on naha pinnal keskeltläbi 1012, suuõõnes 1010 ja seedetraktis 1014 bakterit. Oleme nendega tihedalt seotud, kuna mikroobid osalevad otseselt meie ainevahetuses. Head ja halvad bakterid. Ent nagu looduses ikka, käib ka inimkeha sisemuses aktiivne konkurents. Kasulikud mikroorganismid peavad võitlema oma koha pärast mitmesuguste sissetungijatega...

Ökoloogia
23 allalaadimist
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The Great Plague In London

In 1361-1362 the plague returned to England. The pandemic known to history as the Black Death entered England in 1348, and caused the death of between a third and more than half of the nation's inhabitants. The Black Death was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic, probably caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria . Originating from Central Asia, it arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony. Its first point of entry was the port of Weymouth, where it was first reported in June 1348. It reached London in the autumn of that year, and by the next summer it had covered the entire country. By December 1349 the outbreak was mostly over. 3 Though accurate estimates of mortality are difficult to make, the recent trend has been to adjust the estimates upwards...

Inglise keel
5 allalaadimist
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Referaat viinamäetigu: Helix pomatia

ebscohost.com/ehost/detail? hid=20&sid=0bc62895-5800-4bf2-805a- c5865fd317f9%40sessionmgr4&vid=11&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d %3d#db=a9h&AN=44403024 (1.15.2011) 12 12. Nicolai, A., Vernon, P., Lee, M., Ansart, A., Charrier, M. 2005. Supercooling ability in two populations of the land snail Helix pomatia and ice-nucleating activity of gut bacteria . Cryobiology, 50, 1, 48-57. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WD5-4F08DXB- 2&_user=805545&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gat eway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000043700&_ver sion=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=805545&md5=65b7e5074ca0d2a0f57e538829e32cb 2&searchtype=a (1.05.2011) 13. http://www.loodusajakiri.ee/eesti_loodus/EL/vanaweb/9709/teod.html (1.05.2011) 14. http://arnobrosi.tripod.com/snails/pomatia4.html (1.05...

Zooloogia
11 allalaadimist
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Üldökoloogia kordamisküsimuste vastused

Ökoloogiateaduse uurimisobjektid Ecology (from Greek: , "house"; -, "study of") is the scientificstudy of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings.[1] Ecology includes the study of plant and animalpopulations, plant and animal communities and ecosystems. Ecologists study a range of living phenomena from the role of bacteria in nutrient recycling to the effects of tropical rain forest on the Earth's atmosphere. Autökoloogia on ökoloogia haru, mis tegeleb organismide keskkonnanõudluste ja keskkonna- suhete uurimise ja kirjeldamisega. Demökoloogia ehk populatsiooniökoloogia (Schwerdtfeger 1963: 13­14) on ökoloogia haru, mis uurib organismide populatsioone ja nende keskkonnaoludest johtuvat dünaamikat....

Ökoloogia
126 allalaadimist
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Kordamine füüsikalise ja kolloidkeemia protokollide vastamiseks

In the science and engineering world, optical density is used to determine the types of materials that make up an object. Engineers and scientists can use optical density to find out more information about the properties of an object, like the components and properties of oil, or in the medical field to examine bacteria and proteins found in a cell. 5. Mis on lahuse hägusus - 6. Millest oleneb kolloidlahusest hajunud valguse intensiivsus - Valguse läbimisel lahusest läbinud valguse intensiivsus on pealelangeva valguse intensiivsusest väiksem. Kui lahuses oleval ainel puudub iseloomulik neeldumine kasutatud lainepikkusel, siis phjuseks on valguse hajumine. Hajumistsentriteks vivad olla nii kolloidosakesed vi ka lahustunud krgmolekulaarsed ühendid. Mtmismeetodit, kus...

Füüsikaline keemia
233 allalaadimist


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