law on the basis of these rules and their interpretations. Fiqh, or "jurisprudence", is defined as the knowledge of the practical rules of the religion. The method Islamic jurists use to derive rulings is known as usul alfiqh ("legal theory", or "principles of jurisprudence"). According to Islamic legal theory, law has four fundamental roots, which are given precedence in this order: the Qur'an, the Sunnah (actions and sayings of Muhammad), the consensus of the Muslim jurists (ijma), and analogical reasoning (qiyas). For early Islamic jurists, theory was less important than pragmatic application of the law. In the 9th century, the jurist ashShafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence (including the four fundamental roots) in his book arRislah. Religion and state Islamic law does not distinguish between "matters of church" and "matters of state"; the ulema function as both jurists and theologians
14 Metaphor 175 Overview 175 A philosophical bias 175 The issues, and two simple theories 176 Davidson's causal theory 177 The Naive Simile Theory 179 The Figurative Simile Theory 180 The Pragmatic Theory 183 Metaphor as analogical 187 Summary 189 Questions 190 Further reading 190 Notes 191 Glossary 201 Bibliography 205 Index 217 Preface
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