Islam
From the 11th century onwards alliances of European
Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars known as the Crusades, bringing the
Muslim world into conflict with Christendom. Initially successful in their goal of taking the Holy
land, and establishing the Crusader states, Crusader gains in the Holy Land were later
reversed by subsequent Muslim generals such as Saladin; who recaptured Jerusalem during
the Second Crusade. In the east the Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty at
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the Battle of Baghdad in 1258, as they overran in Muslim lands in a series of invasions.
Meanwhile in Egypt, the slavesoldier Mamluks took control in an uprising in 1250 and in
alliance with the Golden Horde were able halt the Mongol armies at the Battle of Ain Jalut.
Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia and Islam was
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