Islam
Even after conversion, these new
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Muslims (mawali) did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The
descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abd alMuttalib rallied discontented mawali,
poor Arabs, and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their
propagandist and general Abu Muslim, inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750. Under the
Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the "Islamic Golden Age", with its capital at the
cosmopolitan city of Baghdad.
Golden Age (7501258)
Artistic depiction of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where Jerusalem was recaptured by
Saladin's Ayyubid forcesBy the late 9th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as
various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and
Central Asia emirates formed as provinces broke away
annaabi.ee 
