Spanish California Sten Endrik Mihkelsoo MM-14 California's contact with Europeans began in the mid 1530s when Cortez's men ventured to Baja California. Not until 1542 did Spaniards sail north to Alta California, and Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's expedition of that year made landings as far north as modern Santa Barbara. The Spaniards, of course, were hardly the first to discover this land of wonder and extremes. The earliest Californians were adventurous Asians who made their way across the Bering Straits to Alaska thousands of years ago when a warmer climate and a now-vanished land bridge
decreed that all eggs be broken on the smaller end. The differences between BigEndians (those who broke their eggs at the larger end) and LittleEndians had given rise to "six rebellions... wherein one Emperor lost his life, and another his crown". The BigEndian/LittleEndian controversy reflects, in a much simplified form, British quarrels over religion. England had been, less than 200 years previously, a Catholic (BigEndian) country; but a series of reforms beginning in the 1530s under King Henry VIII (ruled 15091547), Edward VI (1547 1553), and Queen Elizabeth I (15581603) had converted most of the country to Protestantism (Little Endianism), in the episcopalian form of the Church of England. At the same time, revolution and reform in Scotland (1560) had also converted that country to Presbyterian Protestantism, which led to fresh difficulties when England and Scotland were united under one ruler, James I (16031625).
wealth would depend on international trade and he built a large fleet of merchant ships. Henry VII built the foundations of a wealthy nation state and a powerful monarchy. He sent his seamen to explore the Atlantic coast of North America soon after Columbus’s great discovery. But England did not start colonizing the new continent until the early seventeenth century when in had become strong enough. A Truly English Church In the 1530s, Henry VIII, wasteful and ambitious, broke away from Rome, and Parliament made him head of the Church of England4. An English Bible was placed in every church for people to read. After a careful survey of Church property Henry VIII closed 560 monasteries and took over their land and wealth. He sold much of their lands to the rising classes of landowners and merchants – to boost his popularity with them. England became politically a Protestant country, even though the religion
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