Exercises on reported speech Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses. 1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked. → She asked 2. "How are you?" Martin asked us. → Martin asked us 3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?" → He asked 4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter. → The mother asked her daughter 5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend. → She asked her boyfriend 6. "What are they doing?" she asked. → She wanted to know 7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me. → He wanted to know 8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?" → The teacher wanted to know 9. "How do you know that?" she asked me. → She asked me 10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me. → My friend asked me Complete the sentences in reported speech using introductory verbs. 1...
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example: "I'm going to the cinema". He said he was going to the cinema. Basic tense chart The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): present simple past simple I'm a teacher. He said he was a teacher past continuous. present continuous He said he was having lunch with his I'm having lunch with my parents.
Present Tenses - Kehtivad ajavormid Sõnade järjekord jutustavas lauses inglise keelse on alati ühesugune : Alus(Kes?Mis?), Öeldis (Mida teeb?), Sihitis(mida?keda?), kohamäärus ( Kus? ), Ajamäärus ( Millal? ), Viisimäärus ( Kuidas ? ). Küsilause järjekord: Abiteg , tegija , põhiteg . Jaatav lause: Yes , Tegija , abiteg. Eitav lause: No, tegija, abiteg. Present Simple: Abiteg: Do/Does. Jutustav lause : Nt . I never gome to school late . Jaatav lause: nt. Yes she does/ Yes I do . Eitav lause: nt . No, he doesn't/ No, i don't . põhitegusõna jääb eitavas ja küsivas lauses samaks . Sellepärast , et Do-d kasutatakse I ja you korral . Does kasutatakse He , She, It korral . Present Continous: Abiteg: am, is, are. Jutustav lause: nt. I am writwning now . Jaatav lause: Yes I am/ Yes they are/ Yes He is Eitav lause:No, I'm not/No they aren't/ No he isn't Eitavas ja küsivas lauses on põhitegusõna ing vormiga . Sellepärast, et ...
Fricative voiced v z Trill r Approximant l · 5 short, 6 long vowels and 7 diphthongs · Stress is generally on the penultimate syllable · il(l)- = the · For example: l-omm, il-missier RECOGNITION · Very similar to other languages · The article · Written form · Two tenses EXSAMPLES Siculo- Maltese English Arabic bebbuxu babbaluciu snail Maltes Sicilia iebja gebbia cistern Italian English e n sesame
commerce, finance, government, etc.) Can be considered somewhat culture-free (not really true?) Universal: not confines to one speech community Characteristic features: Terminology (5-10%), only that much, but it makes the text hard to translate Format: technical report, but also instructions, manuals, notices, publicity Grammatical features in English: passives, third persons, empty verbs, present tenses. Technical Style Free from emotive language, connotations, sound-effects, original metaphor Part of technical translator’s job often is to rephrase poorly written language and convert metaphor to sense. Varieties of Technical Style Academic or scientific style: very formal with transferred Latin and Greek words; used in academic papers Professional or workshop: formal terms used by experts
Tenses Present Simple When? Every day, every morning, always, often, sometimes, usually. Affirmative Negative I/You know this song. I/You do not know this song. He/She/It knows this song. He/She/It does not know this song. We/You/They know this song. We/You/They do not know this song. Interrogative Do I/You know this song? Näited Does He/She/It know this song? Do I listen these songs every day? Do We/You/They know this song? Sometimes I listen these songs. Present Continuous When? Now, at the present moment. Affirmative Negative I am reading. I am not reading. You are reading. You are not reading. He/She/It is reading. He/She/It is ...
PRESENT CONTINUOUS Klaarika Kaljula 9a Use 1.Present actions 2.Temporary actions 3.Longer actions in progress 4.Future (personal) arrangements and plans 5.Trends 6.Irritation 1.Present Actions Happening at the moment of speaking Most often, we use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking. Ex. He is eating a dinner. Mary is talking with her friends. They are swimming in the pool. Stative Verbs There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form. They are called Stative Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning. Ex. I think you look pretty today. Meaning: Opinion I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. Meaning: Act of thinking 2.Temporary Actions Activities continuing only for a limited period of time This tense is also used fo...
English Grammar - The most common tenses in English Tense Signal words Use Estonian Form Examples · something happens repeatedly *korduv tegevus every day · how often something happens *püsiv olukord sometimes, *tulevikus · one action follows another I work Present twice a week toimuv, seotud · things in general infinitive he works Simple always, often sõiduplaanidega · after the following verbs (to love, ...
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TIME & PLACE · DIRECT · INDIRECT · NOW · THEN · TOMORROW · THE FOLLOWING DAY · NEXT WEEK · THE FOLLOWING WEEK · TONIGHT · THAT NIGHT · TODAY · THAT DAY · YESTERDAY · THE DAY BEFORE · LAST NIGHT · THE NIGHT BEFORE · LAST WEEK · THE WEEK BEFORE · HERE · THERE · THIS · THAT · THESE · THOSE CHANGES OF TENSES · DIRECT · INDIRECT · SIMPLE PRESENT · SIMPLE PAST · SIMPLE PAST · PAST PERFECT · PRESENT PERFECT · PAST PERFECT · PRESENT · PAST CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS · PAST PERFECT · PRESENT PERFECT CONT. CONT. · SIMPLE FUTURE · PAST FUTURE 1. STATEMENT HE SAID HE SAID TO ME THAT REPORTED WORDS HE TOLD ME STATEMENT EXAMPLE
He's got a headache. What do you think of our new course book? You look worried. What are you thinking about? I see what you mean. Sorry. I can't meet you tonight. I'm seeing a friend of mine. 3. Some verbs which are connected with our senses (sight, taste, hearing, etc.) are not normally used in the continuous: Smell; hear; taste; sound; see. Does this cheese smell bad to you? NOT Is this cheese smelling bad to you? The past- narrative tenses Past simple We use the past simple: 1. To talk about a completed action in the past, often with a time reference. Yesterday morning, the car broke down on the motorway. 2. To tell people about past events and to tell stories. We unlocked the door quietly, went into the room and began to look for clues. 3. With the past continuous to talk about an action which interrupted another. The bell rang while I was having dinner. !!!Watch out!!! We pronounce: 1
Some verbs (especially sit, lie, wait and stay) prefer the continuous form. There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned. Completed: emphasis on achievement I've ironed five shirts this morning. Incomplete or recently completed: emphasis on duration I've been ironing my shirts this morning. 4 Time expressions with Present Perfect Meaning with Present Perfect tenses is associated with certain time expressions. Contrast with Past Simple may depend on the choice of time expression. Past Simple: referring to a specific time yesterday, last week, on Sunday Present Perfect Simple: since 1968 (the beginning of a period of time) already (indefinite past) Many time expressions are not associated with a specific tense. I haven't seen Helen recently. I saw Jim recently. 5
8) All the housework is done by the children. 9) This ring was given me by my boyfriend. 10) The girls were seen by Ken. 11) The bedrooms are cleaned every morning by them. P.S. Korda ka ebareeglipäraste tegusõnade põhivorme! 4) MODALS Reeglid TV lk 29 Tee TV harjutus 4 lk 33. Vastused: 1) had to 2) didn´t have to 3) doesn´t have to 4) mustn´t 5) should 6) has to 7) must 8) have to 9) don´t have to 10) shouldn´t 5) TENSES AJAVORMID Reeglid TV lk 28, vihikust harjutused ning paljundatud materjalid! Tuleviku väljendamine erinevate ajavormide kaudu: 1) otsus on tehtud enne kõnemomenti: Mary ........................ (have) a party next Friday. -> is going to have/ is having 2) igasugune ennustamine It ................. (rain) tomorrow. -> will rain There ......................... (be) more cars in the future. -> will be 3) tulevik, mille suhtes tehakse otsus praegu/kõnemomendil
1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future: Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Present Base Have / has + to be + base+ ing has/ have been +s + pariticiple base+ -ing He drinks tea at I have walked She is talking She has been breakfast
Give the title of the film and as much info on the background as you can (setting, type of story, main characters, name of the director and the leading actors). * Main body The main body of a review should consist of at least two paragraphs, the first giving the main points of the plot and the second giving general comments (i.e. the pros and cons) concerning the acting, directing, music, special effects, lights, scenery, costumes, etc. Use the present tenses to outline the plot. Begin a new paragraph for each complete change of topic. Do not write one-sentence paragraphs. * Conclusion The conclusion should summarise the reasons why the film is recommended / not recommended and say to whom it will appeal and why. Exercise 1 In groups, discuss thew following questions. 1. What is the best film you've seen in the last year or two? What was it like? Who was in it? 2. Are there certain types of film you would never go and see? What are they
We can report people's words by using direct speech or direct speech reported speech. speech `I'm tired!', Helen said. Helen said (that) she was tired. The main verb of the sentence is usually past ( Tom said that... / I told her that...) and the rest of the sentence is usually past too. Sequence of tenses if the verb in the main sentence is in the past tense the other verbs are usually in one of the past tense too. Present Simple Past Simple I'm a teacher. He said (that) he was a teacher Present Progressive Past Progressive I'm having lunch with my He said (that) he was having parents. lunch with his parents. Past Simple Past Perfect
Affirmative tense Use Signal Words /Negative/Question · always · action in the present taking place Simple Present A: He speaks. · every ... once, never or several times N: He does not speak. tegevus, mis toimub ühe korra, mitte · never Lihtolevik Q: Does he speak? · normally kunagi või mitu korda · ...
Test Name:............................................................ Mark:...................... 1.Complete the sentences with the prepositions . 1. The test consisted .................. two grammar exercises and a writing task. 2. I read a page .................. the book. 3. It is available .................. the internet. 4. Prices have risen .................. 10 percent. 5. I get a present .................. Jane. 6. Jane is standing ..................the car. 7. She likes a book .................. Mark Twain. 8. I go to school from Monday .................. Friday. 9. He was accused .................. the crime. 10. to carry somebody .................. board 11.He spent his childhood .................. the company of his brothers...
a lot by the time I lose some kilos." · to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future (rõhutamaks tegevuse kestvust mainitud ajahetkeni tulevikus) When the sentence refers to future, do not use ,,will" after the following: · If · Unless · When(ever) · While · By the time · After · Before · As long as · As soon as · Until/till · In case Future tenses 1) I believe life will change in the 21st century. predictions about the future, no proof (words think, believe, be afraid, probably) 2) It's late. I'll take a taxi home. on-the-spot decisions 3) Winter will set in early this year. actions which will definitely happen in the future and which we can't control
Ann's flight is due at 6.20. 7 3. Present Simple and Present Perfect Present Simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner. Present Perfect can also be used instead of Present Simple when the completion of the event is emphasised. When we've had a rest, we'll go out. Other future references 1. Hope This can be followed by either present or future tenses. I hope it doesn't rain. I hope it won't rain. 2. Other verbs followed by will. Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is a future reference. These include: think, believe, expect, doubt. I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win. 3. Just / just about to Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening. Hurry up! The train is just leaving / just about to leave. 4. Shall
They give a colloquial touch. They are expressive because here we find two incompatible/contrasted words put together. We call such construction oxymoron. Also, degrees of comparison may be violated, e.g weller instead of better. 6 Numerals On the whole, not expressive but become emphatic when used in exxageration (I've been away for 300 years) or when used independently, standing for a person, e.g You are a beautiful twenty (twenty for age). 7 Verbs and tenses Tenses so called The Historical Present It coincides with present simple. Normally in a fiction, the narrative is in the past (Once upon a time there lived), but occassionally, the author may swift over present tense, describing still past events. In this way, he creates the illusion of things happening at the present moment. Such passage comes quite emphatic action in front of reader's eye, make participate. Continuous tenses may express surprise, disbelief or indignation. E
) 63. If you don't do something any more, you stop doing it. The doctor told me to stop smoking. (NOT The doctor told me to stop to smoke.) I'm going to stop working so hard. (NOT I'm going to stop to work so hard.) 64. A singular countable noun must normally have a determiner (e.g. a/an, the, my, that). She broke a/the/that/my window. (NOT She broke window.) Where is the station? (NOT Where is station?) 65. We don't often use would in subordinate clauses; instead, we use past tenses. Would you follow me wherever I went? (NOT Would you follow me wherever I would go?) I would tell you if I knew. (NOT I would tell you if I would know.) 66. With when, use the past perfect to make it clear that one thing finished before another started. When I had written my letters, I did some gardening. (NOT When I wrote my letters, I did some gardening.) When he had cleaned the windows, he stopped for a cup of tea. (NOT When he cleaned the windows, he stopped for a cup of tea.) 67
Había There was/were Hay que + infinitive It is necessary to + infinitive Tener que + infinitive To have to + infinitive Ir a + infinitive To go to + infinitive Acabar de + infinitive To have just + past participle Hace + time time + ago 42. Progressive Tenses The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem: Present Participles -ar -ando -er -iendo -ir -iendo Juan está hablando
ki-tu ki-zuri `a nice thing' - definiteness: a house the house Sw. ett hus huset det röda huset II. Relational categories for nouns: case English vs Estonian Grammatical categories for verbs I. Inherent categories for verbs: - tense: He walks a mile every day. He walked a mile every day Grammaticalized expression of location in time. The Wishram-Wasco dialect of Chinook: 4 inflectional past tenses ga-ciux `He did it some time ago' ni-cíux `He did it long ago.' na-ciúxw-a `He did it recently.' i-cíux `He just did it.' - aspect: He was writing a letter to Tom. He has written a letter to Tom. - mood: He goes to Tallinn tomorrow. He would go to Tallinn tomorrow if he had time. German: the subjunctive Wenn du Zucker hättest, könnten wir jetzt Tee trinken. `If you had sugar, we could drink tea now.'
BOOK REPORT Title & author of the book: 'Anita and Me' by Meera Syal The setting of the book? The story resolves around Meena Syal, the daughter of the only Punjabi family in the Midlands' mining village of Tollington. The novel provides a vision of British childhood in the 1960s, a childhood caught between two cultures, each on the brink of enormous change. Meena is desperate to fit in with the other children in her neighbourhood while forever feeling like an outsider because she is "different". Eventhough the Punjabi family is well respected by the locals, there are still sutations when they have to deal with racism. Plot summary (NB! Use the present tenses) Anita and Me by Meera Syal is the story of a young Punjabi girl growing up in the fictional English village of Tollington in the Midlands in the 1960s. The book follows Meena during her pre-teen years as she is desperate to fit in ...
MODULE 1 Greeting. Introducing oneself and the others. The alphabet. Spelling. The tenses. How to introduce yourself and others Formal introductions How to respond and reply to an May I introduce myself? I am John introduction Smith. How do you do. Allow me to introduce John Smith to Pleased to meet you. you. Standard introduction Nice to meet you. I'd like you to meet John Smith. Hello. I want you to meet John Smith. I'm so pleased to meet you.
It usually precedes the verb in a declarative clause and determines the person and number of the verb. tense grammatiline aeg, A grammatical category to indicate the relationship tempus between the form of the verb and the time reference of an event or action. English has two tenses, present and past. 11 Grammatical Terminology transitive verb transitiivne verb, The use of a verb with one or two objects to complete I love carrots. My mother gives me sihiline tegusõna its meaning when used in the active voice. Verbs such as pocket money.
experience, ability to motivate, fluency in two languages, driving licence. Organisation and cohesion: the letter should be divided into clear paragraphs, e.g. paragraph 1 - reason for writing paragraphs 2/3 - career history, evidence of experience and skills paragraph 4 - personal qualities, general suitability for the job paragraph 5 - concluding remarks. Range: must use language suited to a letter of application i.e. appropriate tenses (I have been working with children for ... ; During my holidays I worked ...), set expressions (I am writing with reference to ...). Register: fairly formal. Target reader: would be convinced that this person is a suitable candidate. Accuracy: should not contain major errors that lead to misunderstandings or have a negative effect on the reader. · Now read the letter and answer questions below. 1) Has the writer included all the essential information? Is there any information that
· The nominal form can be used as locative in EngEng. In USEng the modified form is used. · Sometimes US Eng uses adjecitves instead of adverbs. · The comparative adjective ,,different" is usually followed by a preposition form in EngEng. In Us Eng it is more frquently followed by the word ,,than". · One particular ending is more productive in UsEng than in EngEng wise. · The adverbs ,,yet" ,,just" ,,already" and ,,still" are usually used with present perfect tenses. They are not possible in past simple in EngEng, but are so in UsEng. · The ordinals (firstly, secondly etc) are used in both varieties in numbering or listing. The difference is ,,first of all" when introducing next idea. Eng Eng uses ,,Secondly", UsEng uses ,,second of all", ,,third of all". · The adverb ,,presently means soon in both varieties. · Time adverbs ,,anymore" is used in both varieties in negative context.
) · Layout (general format e.g. does it have a title? What appears where on the page?) · Overall organisation (e.g. what type of information is included in each paragraph?) · Level of formality (formal / informal / semi-formal? Give examples from the text) · Sentence structure (e.g. complex or simple) · Specific grammatical structures (e.g. do any specific tenses predominate?) 10 · Specific vocabulary (Are there any words / expressions that appear frequently in this type of text? In general, is everyday or more specific vocabulary used?) 11 Teaching pronunciation according to Jeremy Harmer The Practice of English
Adverbs: · They become expressive when used as intensifiers. (Horribly smart, awfully pleased, to love fearfully) They give a colloquial touch and are expressive because of 2 notions that are incompatible (oxymoron). · Degrees of comparison may be violated (better--weller) Verbs: · Historical Present--used in the author's narrative in order to render past events creating the illusion of things happening at the present moment. · Continuous tenses may express surprise, disbelief and indignation. · Sometimes continuous tenses are more polite and mild (he's not feeling so good today) · In the dialogue, we may come across some ungrammatical forms that speak of the education of the character, his origin or his excitement (I aint, He done me harm) · Archaic verbal forms may be used to create the historical background or make the narrative more elevated. On the other hand, they may suggest colloquial speech.
to suggest excitement, humor, poor education ("She was the beautifulest woman."). For the sake of humor or for efficient advertising the endings er and est are added to "bad", "good", "many". Sometimes even double forms are used. VERBS: the Historical Present (present tense) in the author's narrative is used to render past events, creating the illusion of things happening at the present moment. Continuous tenses may express surprise, disbelief, indignation. Sometimes continuous tenses are more polite and mild. In the dialogue we may come across ungrammatical instances: I says; we says; times has changed. These cases reflect ungrammatical, uneducated, original, or excited state of mind. Archaic verbal forms may be used to create the historical background or make the narrative more elevated. On the other hand they may suggest the colloquial speech, because these forms are preserved in dialects (e.g. ending st (you live you livest (second person Singular).
* Emphatic assertion The nuclear stress is on auxiliaries to mark a finite clause as positive rather than negative. For example: You must come tomorrow. I can come. (You are wrong to think I cannot). Helping verbs do not take ‘-s’ in the the 3rd person. *He cans come.* Helping verbs can’t be used in future or past tenses. *You have will to go.* *He musted be tired.* There are two types of helping verbs in English: Auxiliary verbs can express tense, modality, voice etc. Is/are, was/were, did, has etc. Modality: John can [auxiliary] play [main verb] the piano.
Sissejuhatus üldkeeleteadusesse = General linguistics Ilona Tragel [email protected] Lossi 3 324 / T 12-13 Eksamile pääsemiseks vajalik iseseisvate tööde positiivne sooritus Moodle'i keskkonnas Fred Karlsson "Üldkeeleteadus" (Tallinn 2002) 8.09.2010 Mis on keel. Maailma keeled Taustamõisteid · Üldkeeleteadus (ingl k - general linguistics) · Keeleteadus e lingvistika Mis on keel? Karlsson 2002, lk 15: Keele all mõeldakse inimese poolt kasutatavat loomulikku keelt, mis tavaliselt teostub keelelise ehk verbaalse suhtluse vormis. Keel on võimalik tänu inimese keelevõimele. Loomulik keel ja tehiskeel Loomulik keel on keel, mida teatud inimeste rühm kasutab emakeelena ja mis on loomuliku arengu tulemus (nt eesti keel. inglise keel). Tehiskeel on inimese poolt loodud keel mingi (konkreetse eesmärgi) täitmiseks (nt. ...
" "She was the beautifulest woman."). For the sake of humor or for efficient advertising the endings er and est are added to "bad", "good", "many" (e.g. "She is the baddest listener"). Sometimes even double forms are used (e.g. ""She was getting worser and worser."). VERBS: The Historical Present (present tense) in the author's narrative is used to render past events, creating the illusion of things happening at the present moment. Continuous tenses may express surprise, disbelief, indignation (e.g. "One day, when I am no longer spending time running a sweet stool, I am to write a book about us all."). Sometimes continuous tenses are more polite and mild (e.g. "He is not feeling too well today."). In the dialogue we may come across ungrammatical instances: we, I, he + ain`t; I says; we says; times has changed; he done me harm; etc. These cases reflect ungrammatical, uneducated, original, or excited state of mind.
6 Determiners 71 Kinds of Sentences 140 The Imperative 141 The Articles 71 The Subject and the Object 143 Demonstrative Determiners 73 Direct and Indirect Objects 144 Interrogative Determiners 74 Positive and Negative Sentences146 Possessive Determiners 75 Questions 147 7 Verbs and Tenses 79 14 Punctuation 150 The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150 Am, Is and Are 83 Comma 151 The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar?
3 The wooden floor had rotted. Challenge! 4 The little boy was sobbing and Transcript Students' own answers pointing to his sister's ice cream. 5 The thief grabbed my bag and ran The photos are connected with the 1B Past and perfect tenses off. topic of school. Both photos show page 4 6 He dropped a leaf into the water students in class. In the first photo I imagine that 1 1 ate and watched it drift under the
Down 8 awards 9 guilty 5 lurking 1 blooded 6 action 2 hearted 10 undermining Challenge! Students' own answers 11 sympathies 2 1 time-consuming 12 verdict 2E Narrative tenses page 16 2 long-lasting 3 light-hearted 2 That he was responsible not only for 1 1 past perfect continuous 4 absent-minded his family but also to wider society. 2 past simple 5 wide-eyed 3 1 set 7 on 3 past continuous 6 fair-skinned 2 tells 8 on 4 future in the past
u n d e r s t a n dw, a n t , a p p e a ri n c o n t i n u o ut se n s e s 0Yo you. NOT I believe Theverbsthink, taste, see,look, smell,feel and have British homesalwayshaverunning water. can havecontinuous tenses,but there is a difference in There running isalways waterin homes. Britrsh
u n d e r s t a n dw, a n t , a p p e a ri n c o n t i n u o ut se n s e s 0Yo you. NOT I believe Theverbsthink, taste, see,look, smell,feel and have British homesalwayshaverunning water. can havecontinuous tenses,but there is a difference in There running isalways waterin homes. Britrsh
u n d e r s t a n dw, a n t , a p p e a ri n c o n t i n u o ut se n s e s 0Yo you. NOT I believe Theverbsthink, taste, see,look, smell,feel and have British homesalwayshaverunning water. can havecontinuous tenses,but there is a difference in There running isalways waterin homes. Britrsh
u n d e r s t a n dw, a n t , a p p e a ri n c o n t i n u o ut se n s e s 0Yo you. NOT I believe Theverbsthink, taste, see,look, smell,feel and have British homesalwayshaverunning water. can havecontinuous tenses,but there is a difference in There running isalways waterin homes. Britrsh
creases tips (Strohmetz, Rind, Fisher, 8{ Lynn, 2002). In general, business operators have found that, after accepting a gift, customers are willing to purchase products and services they would have otherwise declined (Gruner, 1996). It appears that the give-and-take of social interaction is recognized well before adulthood. One fifth-grade language teacher wrote to me about a test she gives her students on the proper use of the past, present, and future tenses. To the question, The future of "I give" is _ _ ?, one enterprising young man wrote, "I take." He may have gotten that particular grammatical rule wrong, but he got a larger soci- etal rule precisely right. Politics Politics is another arena in which the power of the reciprocity rule shows itself. Reciprocation tactics appear at every level: II At the top, elected officials engage in "logrolling" and the exchange of favors
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