Pneumokokid on geneetiliselt muutlikud, mis avaldub nende fenotüübis. Üheks silmatorkavaks tunnuseks on polüsahhariididest koosneva limakapsli olemasolu. Patogeensed on ainult limakapsliga pneumokokid, sest limakapsli tõttu ei suuda peremeesorganism neid hävitada. Kapsli olemasolu või puudumist on võimalik hinnata tardsöötmel moodustuvate bakterikolooniate suuruse alusel. Limakapsliga rakud (S-tüüpi, smooth = sile) moodustavad söötmel suuri, siledapinnalisi kolooniaid, kapslita rakud (R-tüüpi, rough = kare, konarlik) moodustavad aga väikesi, ebatasase pinnaga kolooniaid. Hiirte süstimisel S-tüüpi rakkudega hiired surid, R-tüüpi rakkudega süstimisel aga jäid ellu. 1928. a. demonstreeris Frederick Griffith, et hiired surid ka siis, kui neid süstiti seguga, mis sisaldas R tüüpi elusaid rakke ning S-tüüpi surmatud rakke. Kapslita
just registering them.1 The same difficulties were likewise present in symphonic music, as Ofelia Tuisk observed: Why are the powerful dreams, passionate yearning, profound sorrow, seething joy and nature- intoxicated lyrics absent from our symphonic music? Is it not paradoxical that just in our sharp and conflicting times and even more, in the Soviet state, a composer is preferring the Glazunov- like smooth and non-contradictory symphonism instead of the struggling, conflicting symphonism of Beethoven and Tchaikovsky.2 Ten years after the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1948) that had hindered the free and natural development of all the arts, the policy was abolished, since it reflected a Stalinist approach, as subjective and erroneous. This allowed a renewal in symphonic music. The breakthrough towards a modern spirit of
People back home are starving and it's urgent, now that we've recovered from the ordeal, to load up our backpacks with food and treasure and head for home. Besides, there's no telling what dangers still lurk on the edge of the hunting grounds. You pause at the edge of camp to look back. They'll never believe this back home. How to tell them? Something bright on the ground catches your eye. You bend to pick it up — a beautiful smooth stone with an inner glow. Suddenly a dark shape darts out at you, all fangs. Run! Run for your life! 187 T H E W R I T E R ' S JOURNEY ~ T H I R D EDITION Christopher Vogler 188 T H E R O A D BACK In psychological terms this stage represents the resolve of the hero to return
such-and-such]," "rich dessert," "dead microphone," and, for that matter, "dead metaphor." Perhaps "level" as in "higher/lower level" is now literal too. "Level" in "carpenter's level," meaning the tool, is certainly dead; there is no other term for that tool, and in a dictionary it would be listed as a separate meaning of the word. However, as has been emphasized by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the distinction between novel or fresh metaphor and "dead" metaphor is one of smooth degree, not of kind. Fresh metaphors get picked up and become current, and then only very gradually--sometimes over centuries--sicken, harden, and die. (Exactly how many expressions in the previous paragraph were used metaphorically rather than literally, assuming the distinction is not one of degree?) So it seems intellectual honesty requires us to confront metaphor. The issues, and two simple theories There is some variation in taxonomy as to how metaphor is classified with
The first is familiar. Like the other weapons of influence, the scarcity principle trades on our weakness for shortcuts. ~ Chapter 7 SCARCITY Swindled By Peter Kerr New York Times NEW YORK-Daniel Gulban doesn't remember how protection and securities, said the companies often his life savings disappeared. operate in three stages. First, Mihaly said, comes He remembers the smooth voice of a sales- the "opening call," in which a salesman identi- man on the telephone. He remembers dreaming of a fies himself as representing a company with an fortune in oil and silver futures. But to this day, the impressive-sounding name and address. He will sim- 81-year-old retired utility worker does not understand ply ask the potential customer to receive the com- how swindlers convinced him to part with $18,000. pany's literature.
n illage were out enjoying the first good snow of "Jill goeswhereverJack does,and he lets her. He,s such llG !ea-{r1n.Up and down three long coasts they went as a good-naturedchap, he can,t sayNo.,, &uq u* legs and sleds could carry them. One smooth path "To a girl," slyly addedone of the boys,who had wished .:: meadow,and here the littte folk congregated; to borrow the red sled, and had been politely refused r , . r uroup of lads and Iassessitting or leaning 40 on a becauseJill wanted it. If,EEll :,r rest after an exciting race, and,
n illage were out enjoying the first good snow of "Jill goeswhereverJack does,and he lets her. He,s such llG !ea-{r1n.Up and down three long coasts they went as a good-naturedchap, he can,t sayNo.,, &uq u* legs and sleds could carry them. One smooth path "To a girl," slyly addedone of the boys,who had wished .:: meadow,and here the littte folk congregated; to borrow the red sled, and had been politely refused r , . r uroup of lads and Iassessitting or leaning 40 on a becauseJill wanted it. If,EEll :,r rest after an exciting race, and,
n illage were out enjoying the first good snow of "Jill goeswhereverJack does,and he lets her. He,s such llG !ea-{r1n.Up and down three long coasts they went as a good-naturedchap, he can,t sayNo.,, &uq u* legs and sleds could carry them. One smooth path "To a girl," slyly addedone of the boys,who had wished .:: meadow,and here the littte folk congregated; to borrow the red sled, and had been politely refused r , . r uroup of lads and Iassessitting or leaning 40 on a becauseJill wanted it. If,EEll :,r rest after an exciting race, and,
n illage were out enjoying the first good snow of "Jill goeswhereverJack does,and he lets her. He,s such llG !ea-{r1n.Up and down three long coasts they went as a good-naturedchap, he can,t sayNo.,, &uq u* legs and sleds could carry them. One smooth path "To a girl," slyly addedone of the boys,who had wished .:: meadow,and here the littte folk congregated; to borrow the red sled, and had been politely refused r , . r uroup of lads and Iassessitting or leaning 40 on a becauseJill wanted it. If,EEll :,r rest after an exciting race, and,
annaabi.ee 
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