a genome has been reported. Characterization of an organism by defining every single variant of tens to thousands of rDNA repeat units present in a eukaryotic genome would be quite unreasonable. Here we provide an alternative approach for the characterization of a set of internal transcribed spacer sequences found within every rDNA repeat unit by implementing direct sequencing methodology. The prominent allelic variants and their relative amounts characterizing an individual can be described by a single sequencing electropherogram of the mixed amplicon containing the variants present within the genome. We propose a method for rational analysis of heterogeneity of multicopy genes by compiling a profile based on quantification of different sequence variants of the internal transcribed spacers of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis
Igatahes on vajalik edasine meetrikute analüüs, töötada uusi välja ja leida spetsiaalseid meetrikuid ka raskemate genoomsete piirkondade jaoks. Kasutatud kirjandus Fleischmann, R.D., Adams,M.D., White, O., Clayton, R.A., Kirkness, E.F., Kerlavage, A.R., Bult, C.J., Tomb, J.F., Dougherty, B.A., Merrick, J.M., et al. (1995). Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269 (5223): 496-512. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2004). Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 431: 931-945. Godson, G.N, Barrell, B.G., Staden, R., Fiddes, J.C. (1978). Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage G4 DNA. Nature 276: 236-247. Gritsenko, A.A, Nijkamp, J.F., Reinders, M.J.T, de Ridder, D. (2012). Bioinformatics 28(11): 1429-37. Narzisi G., Mishra, B. (2011). Comparing de novo genome assembly: the long and short of it. PLoS One. 6 (4). Wu, W., Stupi, B.P., Litosh, V.A., Mansouri, D., Farley, D
*Kordusjärjestuste amplifikatsioon ja lisandumine autosoomidest on arvatavasti päästnud inimese Y kromosoomi. *Mõnedel kukkurloomadel on Y kromosoome limineeritud teatavates somaatilistes kudedes. *Molevoles (Ellobius) on kaotanud Y kromosoomi täielikult. *10 mln.aasta pärast on mees kui selline muutunud ajalooks. *Merohaplodiploidne (XX,X0) soode terminatsioon kujutab endast evolutsiooni lõppmängu Mis eristab meid genoomsel tasandil hiirtest? ·Töö hiire genoomiga Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium (MGSC). Roti genoomiga RGSC ·Genoomide võrdlus üldiselt: Inimese genoom on veidi suurem, vahe korduselementide hulgast. Hiire intergeensed alad ja intronid (keskmiselt 16%) väiksemad. Esineb lokaalne erinevus. Eksonite ja kodeeriva DNA suurus (550 koodonit) sarnane, sarnane on ka ortoloogsete geenide hulk. G+C hulk hiirel suurem kui inimesel (42% versus 41%). Inimesel palju suurem CpG saarte hulk. Konserveerunud sünteensete piirkondade pikkus 10 Mb
Do not refer blindly to statistics Avoid cliched introductions (Since the old days...) Use quotations or paraphrasing of quotations Linking words Giving examples: For example, for instance, namely Adding information: And, In addition, As well as, Also, Too, Furthermore, Moreover, Apart from, In addition to, Besides Summarising: In short, in brief, in summary, to summarise, in a nutshell (kokkuvõtvalt), to conclude, in conclusion Sequencing ideas: The former, ... the latter, Firstly, secondly, finally, The first point is, Lastly, The following Using linking words is a very good practice to get a good mark! Oral 1. Alguses on sissejuhatav jutt. Ole ilmekas, kasuta head sõnavara. 2. Tõmbad endale teema ja saad ettevalmistusaega 3 minutit. Valmistud monoloogiks ja räägid kokku 2 minutit, ilma vahele segamiseta. o Monoloogi skeem: a) Topic: (minu teema on...)
M. Fischer and J. Kunz (2004) titled “The Scope and Role of Information Technology in Construction” provides an example how three-dimensional building information models were used during the construction of the Walt Disney Concert Hall. During the construction phase, the general contractor, M.A. Mortenson, used 4D models to coordinate the workflow of their subcontractors and site logistics, and to validate early on that their thinking of the project’s overall sequencing was correct. The project’s general superintendent, Greg Knutson, estimated that for every hour spent working on the schedule, about six hours were needed to communicate the results. 4D models allowed to reduce that time while increasing the amount of subcontractor feedback and buy-in. Once a month in a subcontractor coordination meeting, the 4D models were used to preview the scope of work for the upcoming 90 days. During those meetings, Mortenson
I am writing with reference to the article you published (in last month's issue). I have just read your article on ... and I feel I must ... You raised some issues which I feel strongly about. At the start of your article, you appear to claim that ... I am afraid I totally disagree. I am completely in agreement. I am sure readers will agree with me when I say that ... ARTICLES Sequencing At first / To start with/In the beginning, ... Then/Next/After that, ... The next thing that happened was ... The next thing I knew was ... Seconds/Minutes later, Late on/Some time later, It wasn't until much later that ... After some time/After what seemed like years, ... Finally/In the end, ... At last, ... Simultaneous events Meanwhile/In the meantime, While all this was going on, In the middle of all this, ... During all this time, ...
dNTP kontsentratsioon: (2/100)*10=0,2 mM/µl Praimerite lõplik kontsentratsioon: (100/100)*5=5 ng/µl 4.5) PCR on eksponentsiaalne. Mitu DNA fragmenti on teoreetiliselt võimalik saada ühest DNA molekulist 5, 15, 30 tsükliga? 5 tsükliga-32 15- 215 30- 230 Praktikas tunduvalt vähem. 14 Töö nr 5: Rekombinantse DNA sekveneerimine ,,DYEnamic ET Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit" abil. Lähteained: Rekombinantne, inserti sisaldav DNA (~100 ng/l) T7 RNA polümeraasi promootori praimer (100 ng/l) "Sequencing reagent premix" (Amersham), sisaldab fluorestsents-märgitud nukleotiide, puhvrit ja Taq polümeraasi (hoida jääl!) vt lisa. ja www aadress: http://www.gelifesciences.co.jp/tech_support/manual/pdf/us81050pl_rev_c.pdf 75% isopropanool 99% formamiidi 5 mM EDTA-Na2 lahus. Töö käik:
kontsentratsioon? MgCl2 kontsentratsioon: (25/100)*8=2mM/µl dNTP kontsentratsioon: (2/100)*10=0,2 mM/µl Praimerite lõplik kontsentratsioon: (100/100)*5=5 mM/µl 4.5) PCR on eksponentsiaalne. Mitu DNA fragmenti on teoreetiliselt võimalik saada ühest DNA molekulist 5, 15, 30 tsükliga? Ühest DNA molekulist on võimalik saada 5 tsükliga 2 5 fragmenti, 15 tsükliga215 fragmenti ja 30 tsükliga 230 fragmente. 11 Töö nr 5: Rekombinantse DNA sekveneerimine ,,DYEnamic ET Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit" abil. Lähteained: Rekombinantne, inserti sisaldav DNA (~100 ng/l) T7 RNA polümeraasi promootori praimer (100 ng/l) "Sequencing reagent premix" (Amersham), sisaldab fluorestsents-märgitud nukleotiide, puhvrit ja Taq polümeraasi (hoida jääl!) vt lisa. ja www aadress: http://www.gelifesciences.co.jp/tech_support/manual/pdf/us81050pl_rev_c.pdf 75% isopropanool 99% formamiidi 5 mM EDTA-Na2 lahus. Töö käik:
will bring government, academia, and the private sector together to identify the best applications as quickly as possible and expedite funding. "Innovative research in nanotechnology will impact a variety of critical areas in the future," says Alain E. Kaloyeros, Ph.D., vice president of CNSE. "In healthcare, for example, nanotech will be used to develop biochips for blood testing and DNA sequencing, smart chips for spinal cord injury and other physical challenges, chip-controlled patches for drug delivery and monitoring of bodily functions, and non-intrusive sensors for detection of disease, such as cancer cells." Other key sectors that will benefit are alternative renewable energy (environmentally friendly biofuels), solar cells and photovoltaics, and national defense. "The power of nanotechnology is rooted in its ability to impact multiple industries," says Kaloyeros
Performing the presentation Introducing yourself and your talk Greeting, name, position, opening formalities Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Good afternoon, everyone. Good morning. My name's (...). I'm the new Finance Manager. Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my own background. I started out in... Welcome to Standard Electronics. I know I've met some of you, but just for the benefit of those I haven't, my name's (...). It's very nice to see you all here today. I'm very pleased to be here. I'm glad you could all make it. Thanks for inviting me. Thank you (all) for coming. Title/Subject I'd like to talk (to you) today about ... I'm going to present the recent ... explain our position on ... introduce ... brief you on ... inform you about ... ...
VETERINAARGENEETIKA JA ARETUS MOLEKULAARBIOLOOGIA JA REKOMBINANT-DNA TEHNOLOOGIA Rekombinant-DNA (hubriidse DNA) tehnoloogia on tanapaeva geneetika ja molekulaarbioloogia peamisi meetodeid, mis leiab uha enam kasutamist ka veterinaarias. Rekombinant-DNA tehnoloogia kasutusele votmine on oluliselt avardanud voimalusi uurida geenide molekulaarset struktuuri ning parilikkuse biokeemiat. Uhtlasi on tanu rekombinant- DNA tehnoloogiale astutud kvalitatiivne samm edasi biotehnoloogias ja nakkushaiguste diagnostikas. Rekombinant-DNA tehnoloogia pohimeetodid on jargmised: DNA molekuli lohestamine e loikamine fragmentideks restriktsiooni ensuumide abil, mis lohuvad sidemed nukleiinhapete (NH) vahel spetsiifilise nukleiinhapete jarjetusega piirkonnas (iga ensuumi jaoks eri NH jarjestus) Nukleiinhappeline hubridiseerimine -tanu DNA, RNA molekulide voimele siduda vabasid Nhid on voimalik teataud NH-jarjestusega vabade margistatud DNAfragmentide abil...
for explicit permissionfrom the primary station, to transfer anything. Acknowledged connectionless ("Type 3") provides acks, but For example, if the PPP link is configured to connect with IP, Advantages · Large packet size = low overheads = high efficiency · Batch Transfers · Auto receive · Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM): the secondary does not have to wait doesn't provide error recovery, sequencing or flow control. then the Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) will Disadvantages · Relatively susceptible to noisy lines · Not available in all comms packages Kermit: to receive explicitpermission from the primary to transfer any frames. · Connection-oriented ("Type 2") mode is similar to TCP. negotiate and configure the link to carry IP.
Veterinaargeneetika ja aretus 2. kontrolltöö kordamisküsimused 2015 1. Mis on rekombinant-DNA? Restriktaaside abil loodud DNA molekule nimetatakse rekombinant DNA molekulideks 2. Millised on rekombinant-DNA tehnoloogia põhimeetodid? (1) DNA molekuli lôhestamine e. lôikamine fragmentideks restriktsiooni ensüümide abil, mis lôhuvad sidemed nukleiinhapete (NH) vahel spetsiifilise nukleiinhapete järjetusega piirkonnas (iga ensüümi jaoks eri NH järjestus) (2) Nukleiinhappeline hübridiseerimine- tänu DNA, RNA molekulide vôimele siduda vabasid NHid on vôimalik tetaud NH-järjestusega vabade märgistatud DNA-fragmentide abil avastada komplementaarse järjestusega lôike uuritavas DNA vôi RNA molekulis. (3) DNA kloonimine- ühe DNA fragmendi alusel on vôimalik sünteesida sama fragmendi miljoneid koopiaid. (4) DNA fragmendi nukleotiidide järjestuse määramine (sekveneerimine- ingl k. sequencing), mis vô...
Nüüd katseklaasis kasutades pöördtranskriptaasi sünteesime sellele mRNA'le ühe kaheahelalise DNA koopia. Seda koopiat kutsutakse sidiDNA'ks (?). Ja kõik jätkub endisel viisil. 05/11/09 Erinevad bakterid sünteesivad erinevaid restriktaase, erinevatel restriktaasidel on järjestusspetsiifika. Kui tahame kindlat lõiku DNA'st, siis valime sellise restriktaasi, mis lõikab katki sobivaid järjestusi. Kuidas me teame DNA nukleotiidset järjestust? Sequencing sekveneerimine. DNA nukleotiidse järjestuse väljaselgitamise meetodi mõtles välja F.Sanger. metoodika baseerub sellel, et Sanger võttis kasutusele nn modifitseeritud nukleotiidid. /ribonukleotiidis on nii 3' positsioonis ja 2' positsioonis on riboosi jäägi küljes OH rühmad, desoksüribonukleotiidis on hapnik puudu 2' positsioonist puudu. OH rühm on vajalik fosfodiester sidemete moodustamiseks./ Modifitseeritud nukleotiidil puudub OH rühm ja ahela polümeriseerimine sellest
5 kromosoomi, genoom 125 Mb. Umbes 25000 geeni. 35% geenidest unikaalsed, Lisaks nukleaarsele genoomile ka mitokondriaalne ja kloroplastide genoom, Geenid kompaktsed s.t. väikeste intronitega ja paiknevad genoomis lähestikku (keskmine vahemaa 4.6 kb). Mitmed geeniperekonnad paiknevad tandeemselt, Eksonid on palju rohkem G+C rikkad kui intronid (taimede omapära), Genoomis toimunud arvukalt duplikatsioone (polüploidiate teke). Mus musculus genoom: Lõpetatud aastal 2002. MGSC (Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium) poolt 7x kaetud ja katab 96% genoomist (2,6 Gb), hiireliinil C57BL/6j. Avalik andmebaas, Celera hiire genoom 2001 a. Genoom 6x kaetud. Liin 129x1/SvJ,DBA/2J. Kommertsiaalne andmebaas, 2004 a. 90% Rattus norvegicus genoomist (2,75 Gb) RGSPC poolt. 8. Inimese genoomi projekt (ajalugu, eesmärgid, ELSI, strateegiad). 1956 a. esimene inimgenoomi füüsikaline kaart, 1977 a. Sanger: dideoksü-sekveneerimise metoodika, 1980 a. Botstein: geneetiline kaart RFLP-de alusel, 1981 a. Sanger:
tation–growth challenges) has been the first fermented sausages is fluorescence in situ to be applied and is still in use, despite its hybridization (FISH). In this technique, the drawbacks regarding reliability and accu- direct detection of a microorganism in a food racy, even at species level. The most fre- sample is achieved by using specific probes quently applied and most reliable technique that allow spatial distribution studies to take is sequencing of the 16S-rRNA gene. This place. technique has been applied either in combi- The microorganisms that are most fre- nation with other techniques, such as SDS- quently encountered are Lactobacillus curva- PAGE of whole cell proteins, RAPD-PCR, tus, Lb. plantarum, Lb. sakei, Staphylococcus or PFGE, or directly to the isolated microor- carnosus, St. saprophyticus, and St. xylosus ganism. Although this approach provides (Table 9.1)
Tallinn University Natural and exact sciences Molecular Biochemistry and Ecology Maria Gnidenko Capillary electrophoresis Essay Supervisor: Kert Martma Tallinn 2015 Table of contents Acronyms and symbols used Introduction History and development Physical basis and principle of separation Elektrophoresis Electroosmotic flow Separation process Electrodispersion Various methods of separation Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) ...
Koskela (2000) suggested that there are three different views to production, each providing principles and methods for the production system the TFV model. When a construction production system is structured according to the TFV model, it becomes the basis for management in construction; i.e., the design of a production system facilitates operations and improvements. Indeed, production system design is about sequencing a series of transformation activities that convert inputs to outputs (production process). This is a view that conventional management considers, but in lean construction there are transformation activities (the production process) and operations (human activities, external processes, etc.) which both must be considered to get better project outcomes. These two are dependent on each other, and it is necessary to see it as a holistic system whose aim is to achieve TFV goals
sissejuhatus, energia, vesi, sahhariidid 1. Palmitiinhappe oksüdatsiooni Hº mõõdetuna kalorimeetris on 9958 kJ/mol. Milline võiks olla sama reaktsiooni Hº elusrakus: a) sama b) negatiivsem c) positiivsem (võivad olla erinevad reaktsioonid) Entalpia on olekufunktsioon ehk sõltub ainult süsteemi olekust, mitte selle saavutamise viisist. Hoopis teine küsimus on, kui palju reaktsiooni käigus vabanevast energiast organism ära suudab kasutada. 2. Vette asetatud jäätükk sulab. Miks ei ole võimalik olukord, kus jäätükk muutuks veelgi külmemaks ümbritsev vesi aga soojemaks? Sest isevooluliselt liigub soojus alati soojemalt kehalt külmemale (termodünaamika II seadus) S.t. soojem keha (vesi) annab energiat külmemale kehale (jää), kristallid lõhutakse ja sulab ära. 3. Vee jäätumisel tema korrapära kasvab (S < 0). Kuidas on võimalik vee jäätumine? Vee jäätumisel tema korrapära kasvab ehk S<0. Avatud süsteemi isevoolulised protsess...
Bioloogia SKT kordamisküsimused 1. Rakubioloogia ajalugu: nimeta 3 olulisemat isikut ajaloos ja kirjelda lühidalt nende panust Robert Hooke aastal 1665 (ajakirjas Micrographia) alustas sõna cella ('kambrike') kasutamist, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Alates 1674 esimesed mikroskoobid, avastas suu- ja soolebakterid, ainurakseid ja spermatosoidid. Matthias Schleiden väitis 1838, et kõik taimed koosnevad rakkudest. Theodor Schwann v äitis 1838-39, et kõik loomad koosnevad rakkudest. Avastas rakumembraani ja Schwanni rakud Louis Pasteur 19. sai töötas välja pastöriseerimise, vaktsiini marutõve, Siberi katku vastu Karl Ernst von Baer kirjeldas 1827 esmakordselt imetaja munarakku 2. Molekulaarbioloogia ajalugu: nimeta 3 olulisemat isikut ajaloos ja kirjelda lühidalt Gregor Mendel - 1865 - Mendeli geneetilise pärilikkuse seadused - Esimene Mendeli seadus ehk ühetaolisusseadus - Kahe homosügootse isendi ri...
A... AA Auto Answer AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting AAB All-to-All Broadcast AAC Advanced Audio Coding AACS Advanced Access Control System AAL Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaption Layer AAM Automatic Acoustic Management AAP Applications Access Point [DEC] AARP AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AAS All-to-All Scatter AASP ASCII Asynchronous Support Package AAT Average Access Time AATP Authorized Academic Training Program [Microsoft] .ABA Address Book Archive (file name extension) [Palm] ABAP Advanced Business Application Programming [SAP] ABC * Atanasoff-Berry Computer (First digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes) ABEND Abnormal End ABI Application Binary Interface ABIOS Advanced BIOS ABIST Automatic Built-In Self-Test [IBM] ABLE Adaptive Battery Life Extender + Agent Building and Learning Environment [IBM] ABM Asynchronous Balanc...
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