These are called 'emergents' and can reach almost 90m in height. Up here they don't have to compete with other trees for light, but they are exposed to the high winds that lash the canopy during tropical storms. Emergents are the favourite nest sites of jungle eagles such as the harpy eagle of South America. Canopy Suspended 40m above the ground is the canopy - a belt of tree crowns supported by enormous rainforest tree trunks. This is the most productive and diverse habitat on Earth - perhaps 40% of the world's species spend their lives among its branches. The canopy's function is to photosynthesise. Canopy trees arrange their leaves to soak up as much of the sunlight as possible and supply them with a continuous stream of water and nutrients from the soil far below, so that the process is uninterrupted from dawn to dusk. 1.2. Describe these features Light gap A common event in the tropical rainforest is the fall of an emergent tree, usually during a tropical
million years ago at rates 1000 to 10,000 times faster than normal. • The 2012 update of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species shows that of the 63,837 species examined worldwide, 19,817 are threatened with extinction - nearly a third of the total. • If present trends continue, scientists warn that within a few decades, at least half of all plant and animal species on Earth will be extinct, as a result of climate change, habitat loss, pollution, acidifying oceans, invasive species, over- exploitation of natural resources, overfishing, poaching and human overpopulation. Lower Life Expectancy in the Fastest Growing Countries • According to a Harvard study, "Over the next forty years, nearly all (97%) of the 2.3 billion projected increase will be in the less developed regions, with nearly half (49%) in Africa." Already strained with relentless population explosion, many developing
Globaalsed ehk üleilmsed keskkonnaprobleemid on riigipiire ületavad ökoloogilised nähtused. Kõige suuremad ohud (Steffen jt, 2015) Biosfääri terviklikkus Biogeokeemiliste ringete häirimine Maa-süsteemi muutused maakasutuse muutused, maakasutuse intensiivistumine Kliimamuutused Lisaks ookeanide hapestumine, osooniaugud, atmosfääri saaste (nt aerosoolid), magevee kasutus jt Mis juhtub kui see turvaline piir ületatakse? Juhtuvad muutused keskkonnas, mida ei saa enam ümber pöörata (nt kliima radikaalne muutus, magevee otsa lõppemine, ökosüsteeme pole võimalik taastada jne) Planeet muutub lõpuks elamiskõlbmatuks Kasutame aineringetes liikuvaid aineid (sööme-joome, hingame) Me panustame aineringetesse igapäevaselt Samamoodi on kõikide teiste elusate organismidega, ent inimeste tegevus on nende aineringete sisendite/väljundite koguseid oluliselt muutnud . Aineringete stabiilsusest sõltub meie elukeskkonna säilimine sellisena...
Inland areas are warmer in summer, and colder in winter there are usually around 40 days of below freezing temperatures (0 °C) at inland weather stations, but only 10 days at coastal stations. Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently 1995, 2003, 2006. Nature Ireland has fewer animal and plant species than either Britain or mainland Europe because it became an island shortly after the end of the last Ice Age, about 8,000 years ago. Many different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs, and various coastal habitats. Forest covers about 10% of the country. Only 26 land mammal species are native to Ireland, because it was isolated from Europe by rising sea levels after the Ice Age. Some species, such as the red fox, hedgehog, and badger are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so
The Mountain Lion cougar (Puma concolor), also puma, cougar, or panther, is a member of the Felidae family, native to the Americas. This large, solitary cat has the greatest range of any wild land mammal in the Western Hemisphere, extending from Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes of South America. An adaptable species, the cougar is found in every major North American habitat. The Mountain lions of Yellowstone region were significantly reduced by predator control measures during the early 1900s. It is reported that 121 lions were removed from the park between the years 1904 and 1925. Then, the remaining population was estimated to be 12 individuals. Mountain lions apparently existed at very low numbers between 1925 and 1940. They maintain a secretive profile in the Yellowstone region. Although the cougar population
We use the wood of these trees for construction, firewood and art. They have been cleared for farming and to build communities. These human activities have led to the decline and loss of these forests in many parts of the world. Temperate rainforest: Farming, mining, hunting, logging and urbanization are some of the human activities that have affected negatively this biome, resulting in biodiversity loss, pollution, deforestation and habitat loss and fragmentation. Temperate grassland: Grasslands in temperate latitudes have been modified by human activity to such a degree that little remains today in a natural state - and substantially less in some form of long-term protection. Only 5.5% of the world's temperate grasslands are currently protected within the global system of protected areas. Taiga: Removing most of the trees in a
põhinevad levikukaardid, mis põhinesid nendel keskmistel väärtustel, toodeti GISiga. Kalkuleeriti nii-nimetatud elupaikade väärtused, näitamaks iga CORINE elupaiga võimekust toota kindlat ÖTd Lapimaa metsa taimestikualal. Lisaks arvutati pindalapõhiselt ÖT võimekuse indeksid iga põhjapõdra karjatamise piirkonna kohta, ning ka kogu uurimispiirkonna kohta. Arvutamiseks kasutati järgnevat valemit: X HABITAT tähistab elupaikade väärtust A HABITAT tähistab CORINE klassi ala regioonis A TOTAL tähistab vaatluse all olevat piirkonda Neid indekse arvutati iga kolme põhjapõdra karjatamise piirkondade kohta eraldi ning kogu uurimise all oleva ala jaoks tervikuna. Maakasutuse vormid Valiti üheksa maakasutuse vormi, olenevalt sellest millise teguri mõju ÖTle uurida sooviti: 1) Looduskaitsealad 2) Teedevõrgustik 3) Mäeeraldised
Limnological Station ,big and valuable fish species became dominating. The natural eel have been caught in some years. The total yearly fish catch averages over 400 tons in Lake Võrtsjärv, with the share of valuable fish 60-70%. Pic: eels The coastal area of Lake Võrtsjärv is covered with woods,fields,hayfields,wil low plots and reed beds,witch make it a perfect habitat for many animal species.Like amphibians,reptiles and mammals. Thanks for your attention !
Euroopas ja Põhja Ameerikas juba täis võimus kasutavad energiaeffektiivsed majad, kus soojus, eristatav inimeste ja kodutehnika poolt, kasutatakse maja soojuseks Seda tehakse soojusisolatsiooni. Puudub välis ventilatsioon, kasutatakse rekuperatsiooni soojuse apparat edasikandumiseks süsteemi soojusvarustusele. Sellega elanikud säästavad, 90% küttes. · Prantsusmaal passivne viis maja kütemiseks,küttab 17 korterit "elavsoojusega". Selle jaoks sotsiaalhoolekandeasutus Paris Habitat kasutab metroo reisijaid inimsoojust. Soe õhk transporteeritakse torudest soojusvahetise, mis küttavad maja. Edukas katse viidi läbi raudteejaama peamajas Stocholmis, mis on varustatud spetsiaalsete soojusvahetitega. · Seaded korjavad kokku maja külaliste soojust ja kannavad üle 13 korruselisele majale veekütteks mille pind on 28tuhat ruut meetrit. Süsteem umbes säästab 25% energiat. · Masside energia. Veel üks perspektiivikas tehnoloogia - inimenergia kokkukorjamine
Canterbury Plains in New Zealand, the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, the Prairies in North America and the Steppes in Central Asia. 2. Colour the distribution of temperate grassland on the map. 3. How is temperate grassland called in these regions? Eurasia - steppe Hungary - puzda North America - prarie South America - pampa South Africa - veldt 4. What is forest steppe (forest steppe – metsastepp)? A forest steppe is a temperate-climate ecotone and habitat type composed of grassland interspersed with areas of woodland or forest. 5. Describe the climate of temperate grassland. Temperate grasslands have a temperate continental climate, which is cooler than savannas. Temperate grasslands have warm, humid summers with an average temperature of 18° C and cool, dry winters with an average temperature of 10° C. Most of the rain falls as convection rain in the summer and sometimes frost and snow may occur in the winter. 6
Forestry Importance: · Environmental-protective importance Oxygen Cleans the air/soils/ground water Protects the soil from erosion · Timber Firewood Woodwork Building materials Timber cellulose paper · Mushrooms/berries/juices · Habitat of different species Measuring the amount of forest: · Fixing the area under the forests (ha/%) -> In Estonia 47.4%, 2.143 mil/ha It doesn't take into account the amount of timber · To measure the amount of timber (m3) -> 352.7 mil/m3 It doesn't take into account the annual increase · To fix different species of trees (%) -> Pine 40%, Birch 30%, Spruce 20% · To measure the annual increase of timber (m3, ha, year) -> 9 mil. m3/ha/year
Galapagos. Despite the trials of arrival, over 560 species of native plants, over 55 species of native land vertebrates and 1700 species of native insect are found on Galapagos. There are no large mammals, the key herbivores are reptiles, and the top predators are birds and snakes. Mammals on the Galapagos include two species of bat, two endemic rice rat species and its most famous mammals - the Galapagos sea lion and fur seal. There can be identified four broad categories of habitat (the coastal zone, the dry lowlands, a transition zone and the moist uplands), each with its distinctive species. Lava Cactus: One of the first plants to colonize a new lava field, the Lava Cactus is found on barren black lava flows Iguanas on the Galapagos are either land or marine iguanas. Both are about the same size, growing up to about 1.5m, have stocky heads, a ridge of spiny scales along the neck and backbones. Land iguanas are lighter in color, tan to dark brown, and have
· The Giant Panda was first made known to the West in 1869 by the French missionary Armand David, who received a skin from a hunter. · The first westerner known to have seen a living Giant Panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who purchased a cub in 1916. · The Giant Panda has been a · The population boom in target for poaching by locals China after 1949 created since ancient times, and by stress on the pandas' foreigners since it was habitat. introduced to the West. · During the Cultural · Starting in the 1930s, Revolution, all studies and foreigners were unable to conservation activities on poach Giant Pandas in the pandas were stopped. China because of the · After the Chinese economic Second Sino-Japanese War reform, demand for panda and the Chinese Civil War, skins from Hong Kong and but pandas remained a Japan led to illegal poaching
Summary Principles of designing Marine Protected Area networks and international co-operation in the Baltic Sea The acknowledgement for need of marine protected areas (MPA) has lead to an increasing expansion of the latter. It has been noted that individual MPA's can not conserve biodiversity in the long run. Hence the need for MPA networks that connects the established and new protected areas is essential. MPA networks can ensure better biodiversity and habitat protection. The scope of marine protected areas depends on the specific goals, species and habitats that need protection. Unambigiously determined MPA size does not exist. When designing a protected area, it is important to take into consideration the species specific repercussions to abandonment of habitats and fragmentation, with habitat composition of species. Reasearch indicate that the diversity of communities and average size of
Their leg tendons make crackling sounds while walking, which would make a migrating herd a noisy bunch indeed. Females will give birth to a single calf. Most females don't breed until they are 28 months old, and will give birth every year. Newborns can walk within an hour and in a few days can run with the herd. Still, wolves, grizzly bears, and golden eagles kill a large number of newborn calves. Although some people are moving into their habitat, they seem to have adapted. Reindeer is not endangered, thanks to its ability to tolerate climates people would rather not deal with. Snowshoe rabbit It is larger than other rabbits. It has large rear feet and the toes can spread out to act like snowshoes. Their feet also have fur on the bottom, which protects them from the cold and gives them traction in the snow.
EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL Põllumajandus- ja keskkonnainstituut Nimi MAASTIKU LOODUSTEADUSLIKUD KÄSITLUSED Essee aines maastikuökoloogia ja -analüüs Keskkonnakaitse õppekava Juhendaja: … Tartu 2016 Sisukord MAASTIKU LOODUSTEADUSLIKUD KÄSITLUSED............................................3 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS................................................................................6 MAASTIKU LOODUSTEADUSLIKUD KÄSITLUSED Nagu on öelnud Michael Joens, maastikul on kolm lähenemist: loodusteaduslik, rakenduslik ja humanitaarne. Loodusteaduslikus uurimisviisis vaadeldakse maastikku objektiivselt ehk maastiku moodustab kõik, mis seal on, uurimisprobleemiks on mosaiigi tervikuks moodustamine. (Palang 2001) Selles essees räägin erinevate inimeste poolt antud maastike vaadetest. Selle essee koos...
secretion, at latrines along shared boundaries Why live in groups? o Badgers do not hunt or rear young cooperatively o Forces promoting group living: Costs of territorial defence are lower if they are shared among more individuals Kin selection may promote coexistence between primary territory holders (adults) and young animals (likely t o be their offspring) Habitat saturation young animals have nowhere to go, no vacant territories Animals may benefit from staying at an established main sett rather than dispersing Why defend territories? o Classical assumption of food o Setts is another possibility o An explanation consistent with general behavioural ecology theory: different sexes may defend different resources:
mature trees. However, these fires do serve to either kill or suppress tree seedlings, thus preventing the establishment of a continuous tree canopy which would prevent further grass growth. Prior to European settlement aboriginal land use practices, including fire, influenced vegetation and may have maintained and modified savanna flora. It has been suggested by many authors that aboriginal burning created a structurally more open savanna landscape. Aboriginal burning certainly created a habitat mosaic that probably increased biodiversity and changed the structure of woodlands and geographic range of numerous woodland species. It has been suggested by many authors that with the removal or alteration of traditional burning regimes many savannas are being replaced by forest and shrub thickets with little herbaceous layer. The consumption of herbage by introduced grazers in savanna woodlands has led to a
misfortune (n) misguide (v) mission (n) misunderstand (v) mix (with) (v) model (n) modem (n) modesty (n unc) moisture (n) monarchy (n unc) monorail (n) monument (n) moody (adj) moorland (n) mortality (n) mosquito (n) motivational (adj) mould (v) mountain range (n) mouth-watering (adj) moving (adj) mug (v) multiply (v) mumble (v) murmur (v) 18 mussel (n) mutual (adj) naked (adj) nanny (n) napkin (n) narrow-minded (adj) nationwide (adj) native people (n) natural habitat (n) nerve-racking (adj) network (n) neuroticism (n unc) news bulletin (n) next to worthless (phr) nickname (n) no mean achievement (phr) no trace of (idm) nocturnal (adj) nod off (phr v) nomadic (adj) notably (adv) notion (n) nourishing (adj) novel (adj) novelty (n) nursery rhyme (n) object (v) obsession (n) occur (v) occur (v) odd (adj) odour (n) odyssey (n) offend (v) offended (adj) official (n) olive (n) on all fours (phr) on balance (phr) on duty (phr) on the cards (idm)
insecticides. Apart from this, it is also associated with farms that keep livestock above their holding capacity, which in turn leads to pollution, various diseases, and infections brought about by overcrowding and poor hygiene. ✘ Reports and studies reveal that intensive farming affects and alters the environment in multiple ways. Forests are destroyed to create large open fields, and this could lead to soil erosion. It affects the natural habitat of wild animals. Use of chemical fertilizers contaminates soil and water bodies, such as lakes and rivers. ✘ Pesticides sprayed on crops not only destroy pests and contaminate the crops, but also kill beneficial insects. Heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers also affects the workers (who spray the pesticides) and the people residing nearby. Eventually, these chemicals are passed on to human beings, who consume the agricultural produce.
3°C. The coldest air temperature was -19.1°C Average temperatures in the island vary from -4°C (min) to 11°C (max) in January, and 9°C (min) to 23°C (max) in July. Flora and fauna Ireland has fewer animal and plant species than either Britain or mainland Europe because it became an island very soon after the end of the last Ice Age, about 8,000 years ago. Nevertheless, it is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island. Many different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs, and various coastal habitats. Fauna Only 31 mammal species are native to Ireland, again because it was isolated from Europe by rising sea levels after the Ice Age. Some species, such as the red fox, hedgehog, stoat, and badger are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less common and generally seen only in
Kas kõrge biomimekesisu tingitud keskkonna stabiilsusest või ebastabiilsusest? Kuidas saada võrreldavaid andmeid biomitmekesisuse kohta tänapäeval ja minevikus. Maksimum tänapäeval biomitmekesisusel 10.-20 laiusel, trend, et poolustel väheneb. See siiski väheneb (mitmekesisus). Miks? Hüpoteese kümneid. On time stability hypothesis vanad ja stabiilsed hüpoteesid liigirikkad. 1980. lükati tagasi, rehabiliteeriti 1990. aastatel. Teine: habitat heterogenity hypothesis keskkonna heterogeensus toetab mitmekesisuse kasvu. Kolmas: intermediate disturbance hypothesis mitmekesisuse on suurim mõõduka häirimise tingimustes. Neljas dynamic equilibrium kooslused on keskonnamuutuste ja biointeraktsioonide tõttu pidevalt tasakaalust väljas. Neis kõikides on vastukäivusi ja ei saa öelda, et ükski pole neist mingis olukorras tõepõhi. On seos keskkonna stabiilsuse muutlikkuseg, kuid ükski neist ei seleta siiski mitmekesisust.
sekundaarsed ja aperioodilised. 5. Selgitage autökoloogilise ja sünökoloogilise kasvukõvera vahelisi erinevusi Autecology is the ecology of a single species, its relations to its natural conditions like soil and climate. The science of the relations within the population of one species is called population ecology. Synecology on the other hand is the ecology of different species living in the same habitat, their relations with one another 6. Darwini postulaadid 1)Populatsiooni sees esineb individuaalset muutlikkust. 2)See muutlikkus on osaliselt päritav. 3)Iga populatsioon oleks võimeline hõivama kogu Maa, kui kõik indiviidid jääksid elama ja annaks maksimaalse arvu järglasi.4)Erinevatest indiviididest jääb järgi erinev arv järglasi. 5)See kandub edasi läbi põlvkondade. 6)Järglaste arv sõltub olulisel määral indiviidi omaduste
03.2015) Iacurci, Jenna. 2015. Marine Debris Deadly to Whales, Dolphins. [WWW] http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/11752/20150108/marine-debris-deadly- to-whales-dolphins.htm (15.03.2015) McKenna, Phil. 2009. Sonic Alarm saves marine mammals from ship strike. [WWW] http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17163-sonic-alarm-saves-marine- mammals-from-ship-strike.html#.VQXe8cnvpA6 (15.03.2015) Nomack, Mallory. 2010. Effects of oil on wildlife and habitat. [WWW] http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/158446/ (15.03.2015) Soosaar, 2011. Mitmepalgeline reostus ookeanides. [WWW] http://www.bioneer.ee/eluviis/loodus/aid-11915/Mitmepalgeline-reostus- ookeanides- (15.03.2015) Understanding the sources of ocean noise pollution. International Fund for Animal Welfare. [WWW] http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/our- work/whales/understanding-sources-ocean-noise-pollution (15.03.2015) Whales and Ship Strikes: A Problem for Both Whales and Vessels. International
(GMO), soodustatakse elustiku mitmekesisust ja pööratakse suurt tähelepanu tootmise keskkonnasõbralikkusele. 11 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS 1. Altieri, M. A. (1999). The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. – Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol. 74, No. 1–3, pp. 19–31. 2. Benton, T.G., Vickery, J.A., Wilson, J.D. 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18:182-188 3. Brussaard, L., de Ruiter, P. C., Brown, G. G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. – Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol 121, No. 3, pp. 233–244. 4. David W. Crowder Randa Jabbour. Biological Control. Relationships between biodiversity and biological control in agroecosystems: Current status and future challenges 75 köide, august 2014, lk 8-17. 5. Geiger, F. Bengtsson, J. Berendse, F
because there is not enough land mass to support the diversity of animals. The environment is very young due to the Ice Age, so there has not been enough time for such diversity to develop. The seasonal changes that occur across the country mean that the animals have less to eat. Since industrialization began in England in the mid eighteenth century, it has had a big impact on indigenous animal populations. Song birds in particular are becoming scarcer and habitat loss has affected larger mammalian species. Some species have however adapted to the urban environments, such as the Red Fox, which is the most successful urban mammal after the Brown Rat. Large mammals are not very numerous in GB. Many of the bigger species, such as the Grey Wolf and the Brown Bear were hunted to extinction many centuries ago. However, recently, many of these large mammals have been reintroduced to some areas of mainland Britain
A 1. A border äärepeenar 2. A brand new plot- uhiuus ala 3. A coherent system sidev süsteem 4. A curved lawn kaarjas muru 5. A fencing screen puuaed, vahesein 6. A flower bed lillepeenar 7. A focal point keskpunkt 8. A fruit plot puuviljaaed 9. A garden shed katusealune aed 10. A gravel area kruusaga kaetud ala 11. A hedge hekk 12. A hidden area varjatud ala 13. A lawn muru 14. A natural boundary of trees and hedges 15. A path kõnnitee 16. A patio terass, siseõu 17. A screen-block wall kiviaed 18. A shady area varjus olev ala 19. A specimen shrub ilupõõsas 20. A sunny area päikeseline ala 21. A vegetable plot juurviljaaed 22. Abandoned mines- mahajäetud miinid 23. Absorb- neelab, imeb sisse 24. Abundant color- külluslik värv 25. Accented- õhuline 26. Accessible ligipääsetav 27. Accommodate ...
max 3 marks for planting strategy: 4 trees not planted too closely together; 5 support young trees to prevent damage e.g. from grazing animals; 6 species planted that are suitable for prevailing conditions / native spp; 7 softwood sp. / conifers / named conifer / fast growing sp. planted; 8 deciduous broadleaved species around edges for aesthetic reasons; 9 creates different habitats / named habitat / protected habitats/ some fallen trees left to rot; max 3 marks for felling/cropping strategy: 10 ref. to clear felling having negative effects e.g. soil erosion; 11 only mature trees removed / selective felling / individual trees; 12 some clearings / rides / glades in woodland / strip felling; 13 control of, pests / diseases / fire prevention; 14 ref to coppicing / pollarding; 15 (deciduous trees) regrow from base/ idea of rotation/ cycle;
Houston, C. S. & Scott, F. 2001. Power poles assist range expansion of Ospreys in Saskatchhewan. Blue Jay 59: 182-188. Helander, B. & Mizera, T. 1997: Pandion haliaetus Osprey. P. Saurola, B Sablevicius. (toim.). The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance: 176-177. T & AD Poyser, London. 47 Lohmus, A. 1998: Eesti kotkaste argipäev. Eesti Loodus 1998: 210-230 Lohmus, A. 2001a: Habitat selection in a recovering Osprey Pandion haliaetus population: Ibis 143: 12 lk. Lohmus, A. 2001b: Ospreys Pandion haliaetus in Estonia: a historical perspective: Vogelwelt 122: 167-171. 11
"Christum ducem, qui per crucem" "Pater noster, qui es in caelis" (4-h) (Condé, 15051521) "De profundis clamavi" (4-h) "Planxit autem David" "De profundis clamavi" (5-h) "Praeter rerum seriem" "Domine exaudi orationem meam" "Qui edunt me adhuc" "Domine, ne in fuore tuo" (4-h) "Qui habitat in adiutorio altissimi" "Domine, non secundum peccata "Qui velatus facie fuisti" nostra" (2-4-h) "Salve regina" (4-h) "Ecce, tu pulchra es, amica mea" "Salve regina" (5-h, 1502) 11 "Factum est autem" "Stabat Mater"
There are coal-mines in the Cordillera Mountains, in the Kansas City region and in the east near Birmingham and Pittsburgh. Iron is mined near the Great Lakes and in the Pittsburgh, Birmingham and Philadelphia areas. In California and Texas there are rich oil-fields. There are also deposits of silver and gold Animal life In the Arctic regions of mountain and tundra are found ground squirrels, occasional bear and cold-water fish. Alaskan coastal waters are the habitat of a number of large mammals including walrus and seals. Caribous spend summers in the tundra but migrate into the conifer forest for winter. The moose ranges throughout the northern United States. In the eastern forests live elks, black bears, deer, foxes, raccoons, skunks and squirrels. Along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico live large and more colourful birds such as pelicans and flamingos. Alligators can also be found there. Bison (buffalo) are popularly associated with the grasslands,
Kõige vähem infot on leida Brunei kohta. Indoneesia on vähemal või rohkemal määral enamike suremate keskkonna- või looduskaitseorganisatsioonidega seotud. Friends of the Earth liikumise liikmed on Indoneesia ja Malaisia. Indoneesia teeb koostööd nii Conservation International'i, Orangutan Foundation International'i, WWF-i kui ka Global Forest Watch'iga. Samuti teeb Indoneesia Perhimpunan Pelestari Burung dan Habitat Indonesia ja ka Malaisia Looduse Ühing koostööd Bird Life'iga, mõlemad riigid on osalevad ka Save the Tiger fund'is. 3 Indoneesia on seotud ka IUCN-iga (Rahvusvahelise looduskaitseliiduga) läbi oma riikliku Keskse Metsakaitse ja Looduse Säilitamise Direktoraadi, Malaisia aga suisa läbi kaheksa valitsusvälise ja riikliku organisatsiooni. Indoneesia programm on
wheres during the shortest day in winter the sun appears for a mere 6 hours 3 minutes. Moreover, the long twilight time makes the transition between day and night rather smooth and the nights around the Midsummer Day shorter still. 7. Flora & fauna Estonia's plants and animals aren't represented in great variety. The percent of forests is growing every year and the most common trees are pine, birch, spruce, aspen, oak and alder. Forests offer a habitat to different wild animals. Among 65 species of mammals, the most widespread are the elk, roe deer, wild boar, hare, hedgehog, squirrel, fox and marten. Some endangered species, such as the brown bear, lynx and wolf, are represented in small numbers. Estonia is believed to have 40,000 living species, but only about 23,500 have so far been discovered. Compared to more northern areas, Estonia has one of the richest diversities of flora and fauna
lakes Terrain: mostly low, f lat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone Land use: arable land: 6.54%, permanent crops: 0.02%, other: 93.44% (2005) Environment current issues: air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, ISSN 15538133). 2.1.3 People and Society Ethnic groups: Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006) Languages: Finnish (official) 91.2%, Swedish (official) 5.5%, other (small Sami and Russian speaking minorities) 3.3% (2007) Religions: Lutheran Church of Finland 82.5%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 15.1% (2006) Population: 5,262,930 (July 2012 est
(2002) The State of the Forest. Indonesia 11. Okamoto S. (dateerimata), The Growth of Oil Palm Plantations and Forest Destruction In Indonesia. Japan: Japan NGO Network on Indonesia (JANNI) 12. Applegate G.(2001 märts) The Underlaying Causes and Impacts of Fires in Southeast Asia, CIFOR 13. Singelton, I., Wich, S., Husson, S., Stephens, S., Utami Atmoko, S., Leighton, M., Rosen, N., Traylor-Holzer, K., Lacy, R., Byers, O. (2004) Orang-utan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment: Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Grooup, Apple Valley, MN. 14. Husson, S.(2003) The Status Of The Orang-utan In Indonesia. Uuring, The Orang- utan Foundtation, UK 15. Borneo Conservation Trust (2007) Plantations: a Hazard to Borneo Elephants [WWW-materjal] http://www.borneoconservationtrust.org.my/human-conflict.html 16. Ardiansyah, F. (2007) Dire Consequences of Ignoring Climate Change. Asia Views. 17. Schilthuizen, M
LIIKIDE KADUMISE PÕHJUSED Referaat Õppejõud: Tallinn 2014 Sisukord Sissejuhatus ……………………………………………………………….. 2 lk 1. Väljasuremise mõistest ……………………………………………………. 2 lk 2. Tänapäevane, inimese põhjustatud massväljasuremine …………………… 2 lk 3. Väljasuremise põhjused …………………………………………………… 3 lk 3.1. Elupaikade hävimine …………………………………………………. 4 lk 3.1.1. Ohustatud vihmametsad ………………………………………. 4 lk 3.1.2. Troopilised lehtmetsad ………………………………………… 5 lk 3.1.3. Rohumaad ……………………………………………………… 5 lk 3.1.4. Märgalad ja vee-elupaigad …………………………………….. 5 lk 3.1.5. Mangroov ……………………………………………………… 5 lk 3.1.6. Korallrifid ……………………………………………………… 5 lk 3.1.7. Kõrbestumine ………………………………………………….. 6 lk 3.2. Elupaikade killustumine …………………...
Abundance of bats in Laagri hibernation place during hibernation periods 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 Mariliis Samberk Summary Seven of the twelve bat species listed in Estonia are local: Myotis dasycneme, Myotis daubentonii, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis brandtii, Myotis nattereri, Plecotus auritus and Eptesicus nilssonii. Hibernating places are an important habitat for bats due to Estonian climate conditions. The biggest bat hibernacula in Estonia are Piusa sandstone caves in South-Estonia and Ülgase phosphorite mines as well as the underground spaces in land protection line positions of the sea fortress of Emperor Peter the Great near Tallinn. Laagri hibernation place is situated in tunnels of land protection line nr 6. The total length of the under-ground tunnels there is close to 3km.
Three of the four orders of reptiles are native to Australia: Testudines, Squamata and Crocodilia. The only missing extant order are the tuataras, which are endemic to New Zealand. Australia has a large diversity of reptiles, with over 860 species. The most diverse group are the snakes and lizards. The snakes and lizards are especially diverse in the arid areas of Australia, where diversity of other fauna is generally low. Spinifex grass is a major habitat which allows them to remain in a relatively cool, moist area. Australia has a large array of reptiles which can be dangerous to humans. All of the top ten most venomous snakes are native to Australia, [2] and the world's largest reptile, the Saltwater Crocodile is native to Australia. It is often said to be the most dangerous to humans. This crocodile is an opportunistic
4 an 9 come animals are happier and healthier Just a few weeks after the first cub 5 have 10 instead when allowed to live in their had died, more cubs were brought natural habitat, I firmly believe that Listening to the monastery. People just kept zoos play a vital role in protecting 1 villagers 6 poachers delivering them, and the abbot many species and raising public 2 pets 7 $5,800 kindly welcomed the animals. awareness of conservation issues. 3 tiger / tiger cub 8 training Having had no prior training in
inimene teatud grupile, et ta on stiilne, tal on stiil. Elustiili on osa püüdlusest toodete abil eristuda teistest sotsiaalsetest gruppidest, see tähenab, et tarbimise abil üritatakse ennast sotsiaalselt positsioneerida. Ehk siis : selles ei ole midagi uut, et nii tehakse, kuid see on saanud nii suure osa inimeste igapäevapraktikaks. Muutus on selles, et ,,elustiil" tähendab, et elu on miskit stiliseeritavat, miskit kindlat ja piiratut. Habitat, IKEA - poed, mis tegelevad sellise elustiiliostmisega. IKEA - 7000 nimetust kaupa küünaldest köögimööblini. Pigem suunatud madalamale keskklassile, kes tahavad ka moodsat elustiili näidata. Oluline: elustiil ei ole seotud klassiga selles mõttes, mis Weber või Veblen silmas pidasid, kuid sissetulek ja positsioon tootmishierarhias ikkagi mõjutab tarbimist. Ilmselt ka muud faktorid: demograafilised faktorid: sugu, rass, vanus, seksuaalsus jne 15
archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are transient stopover for American, European, and African birds, while continental Portugal mostly encounters European and African bird species. There are over 100 varieties of freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western lakes for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Upwelling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented
American Red Cross was struggling with the immensity of the damage. All were paralyzed by the failure to act proactively, resulting in a lot of finger pointing. But there is a second lesson from Andrew: Be careful how you build, for the storm will show what sort of work has been done. The vast devastation was in large measure due to the faulty housing construction of the building boom during the 1980s. Yet some houses experienced minimal damage, primarily those built by Habitat for Humanity, the agency with whom former president Jimmy Carter is affiliated. How we build during periods of great change, determines what lasts and what doesn't. Interestingly, the Great Mississippi Flood of 1993 found FEMA prepared. The point of this illustration is that in the years ahead we are going to be experiencing a whirlwind of changes. From a distance they will all look like problems, and the temptation will be to unfurl the "danger" flag and take a reactive, defensive posture
saavutatakse siis, kui eemaldatakse sotsiaalne toimija ja ajalooline taust) kui sotsiaalseid fakte ehk kuidas need faktid teivad. Semiootiline analüüs on põhimõtteliselt samasugune kui massikultuuri osaleja enda oma, sest jätab inimese ilma igasugusest agendistaatusest. Sellisr metafüüsilist väidet ei ole võimalik edasi uurida. Koodi domineerimine ei ole kapitalismi patoloogia vaid üldine inimeseks olemise tingimus. 1 5. Elustiil ja habitat Tarbekaupadel on esteetiline funktsioon, kuid esteetika on ebaühtlaselt jaotunud. Staatusi eristav funktsioon on tarbekaupadel olnud modernsuse ajast alates ja isegi varem. McKendrick - tarbimine aitas kodanlusel kõrgklassi hulka ronida, Ja vastuseis - tarbimisseadused. Võitlus erineva esteetika positsiooni ja tähenduse pärast kestab. Aga kuna teisi süsteeme kõrval ei ole, siis modernsel perioodil aga saab tarbekaubastumisest uue klassistruktuuri alus.
Rahvusvaheline koostöö ja vajadused selle arendamiseks. Globaliseerumine, selle peamised tunnused, arenguetapid. Globaliseerumisega seotud riskid. Eesti rollid ja võimalused rahvusvahelises koostöös. Globaliseerumine ehk üleilmastumine on ühiskonnas ja maailma majanduses toimuvad muutused, mis on põhjustatud üha kasvavast rahvusvahelisest kaubandusest ja üha tihenevast üleilmsest kultuurivahetusest ning mis seisneb kultuuride, ökosüsteemide ja väärtuste ühtlustumises (segunemises), ruumilise mitmekesisuse kahanemises, kaugkommunikatsiooni osatähtsuse olulises suurenemises. Majanduse kontekstis seostatakse seda mõistet eelkõige vabakaubandusest tulenevate nähtustega. Globaliseerumise tõukejõuks on muutused tehnoloogias, eelkõige transpordi ja kommunikatsiooni areng ning energia odavnemine, mille tulemusena on väidetavalt tekkimas globaalne küla. Globaliseerumist seostatakse paljude nähtustega, milledest enamik on alguse saanud pärast T...
, Kirsimäe, K., Talviste, P., Puura, E., Jürgenson, J. (2007). Mineral compositsion of Estonian oil shale semi-coke sediments. – Oil Shale. Nr. 3, lk 405- 422. 21. Ots, K., Mandre, M,. Pärn, H., Kask, R., Pikk, J. (2009). Change in the allovation of nutrients and biomass in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) canopy in an area of cement industry in Northeast Estonia. – Baltic Forestry. Nr. 2, lk 237-247. 22. Ots, K., Reisner, V. (2006) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and its habitat in Muraka bog under the influence of wastes from the Narva power plants (North-East Estonia). – Special issue on effects of industrial wastes on Florest. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology, Ecology. Nr. 2, lk 137- 148. 23. Paal, J., Degtjarenko, P., Suija, A., Liira, J. (2012). Vegetation responses to long- term alkaline cement dust pollution in Pinus sylvestris-dominated boreal forests- niche breadth along the soil pH gradient
If one development project 1 1 proposal 5 rejected is allowed to go ahead then this will probably give the green light to tear 2 coast 6 grounds up other protected sites in the future. 3 development 7 environment All in all, I strongly feel that this is too 4 financial 8 habitat high a price to pay for the supposed 2 give permission for something to benefits of tourism. start 4 3 1 2 broadly lead 5 detrimental
Maritima 3. 105-124.
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Relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 203-214. Cole, D. N. 1995b. Experimental trampling of vegetation II. Predictors of resistance and resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 215-224. Cole, D. N., Bayfield, N. G. 1993. Recreational trampling of vegetation: Standard experimental procedures. Biological Conservation 63, 209-215. Cole, D. N. 1984. Recreation use effects on habitat types in western Montana (in press). Del Moral, R. 1979. Predicting human impact on high elevation ecosystems. Proceedings: recreational impact on wildlands. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington, pp. 292-303. Dillman, D.A. 1978. Mail and telephone surveys: the Total Design Method. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons. Dixon, T. 2004. People in the Scottish countryside and automatic people counters (APC’s).
Threats to Tropical Sundarbans (Bangladesh /India) Rain Forests Bolivar State (Venezuela) Threat diJff' Threat If!) Q Risks: The world's largest mangrove forest. Agricultural Risks: Habitat s for several indigenous Habit at for the world's largest Ratanari Province (Cambodia) clearing peop les/ cultures. pop ulatio n of Bengal tigers. Threat: (illegal)
sheltered adj. protected from harmful elements; v. shelter isolated from reality n. shelter Syn. protected She has led a sheltered life since her parents have done everything for her. Everyone looked for shelter from the blazing sun. vanishing adj. going out of sight v. vanish Syn. disappearing The red squirrel is a vanishing species that needs a protected habitat to survive. No one knows with certainty what caused the dinosaurs to vanish from the face of the earth. MATCHING Choose the synonym. 1. picturesque 6. gather (A) scenic (A) broaden (B) calm (B) collect (C) outlandish (C) distribute (D) fertile (D) enhance 2. partisan 7. reaction (A) patterned (A) allocation (B) bizarre (B) investigation (C) abundant (C) response (D) biased (D) means 3
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