expanded on acquiring empreical acquaintance. Alchemy is an early phase of the decelopment of systematic chemistry. 6)origin of the word alchemy, where does it come from, first used It has an Arabic descent, prefix al is the Arabic article, second part comes from the Greek word chumeia, pouring used in the study of the juices of plants. It was first used in treatise of Julius Firmicus, and astrological writer of the 4 century. 7)why did it fall into disrepute? It fell into disrepute, because alchemists became obsessed with their quest for the secret of transmutation, some used false methods of experimentations and many gained living from patrons. 8)which methods did they use to turn metals into gold? They thought that lead could be improved into gold, they tried to speed up this process by heating and refininf the metal in a varietu of chemical processes, most of which were kept secret.
to 7 metres in some places. At least 10 per cent of the Estonian territory is subject to the environment protection. The most important protection areas are resting and recreation areas for migratory birds. Mainly seashore wetlands and chaste woodland and wetland areas. The preservation of traditional cultural landscapes is important as well. 5 History To the Nineteenth Century The Estonians settled in their present territory before the Christian era. They were mentioned by Tacitus 1st century A.D., who called them Aesti. In the 13th cent. the Danes and the German order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword formed an alliance to conquer the pagan Estonian tribes. The Danes founded Reval (now Tallinn) in 1219 and introduced Christianity and Western European culture to Estonia. While Denmark
The middle stripe of black stands for the land. The white stripe at the bottom symbolizes hope in the future. The president is the most powerful official in Estonia’s government. The country’s parliament elects the president to a five-year term. The parliament has 101 members, who are elected by the people. The prime minister is recommended by the president and he heads the operations of the government. Modern industrial development, which began in the second half of the 19 th century was oriented toward the Russian market. Large textile mills were set up in Narva and electric motor production plants and shipyard in Tallinn. Today Narva provides most of Estonian’s electricity. Developments in the Estonian agriculture have been influenced by the changes in the economical environment. Estonian agriculture must also find place in the European economy. The national conditions are best suited breeding daily cattle. At the moment the Estonian farmers predominantly
They often worked long hours in dangerous jobs and in difficult situations for a very little wage. For example, there were the climbing boys employed by the chimney sweeps; boys and girls working down the coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low to take an adult. Some children worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, and they sold matches, flowers and other cheap goods. During the Victorian era, the population grew immensely. At the end of 19th century the population had grown three times bigger in Great Britain! That made wages much lower, because more people were looking for jobs. Many people couldn't afford places to live and had to live on the streets. Slums started appearing in bigger towns. Crime rate was also rising because of this: many homeless children lived by stealing and respectable Victorians started seeing poor people as a threat to society. That is one of the reasons why workhouses were made. Workhouses
Estonia. It lies on the northern coast of Estonia, along the Gulf of Finland. There are 33 cities and several town-parish towns in the country. In total, there are 47 linna, with "linn" in English meaning both "cities" and "towns". More than 70% of the population lives in towns. History • Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the German invasions in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of nature. Since the Northern Crusades Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West. Being conquered by Danes and Germans in 1227, Estonia was ruled initially by Denmark in the north, by the Livonian
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes came from present-day Northern-Germany and Denmark in 449. A number of tribes from the European mainland invaded and settled in large numbers; however, they were not always victorious. These Anglo- Saxons soon had the south-east of the country in their control. In the west, their advance was temporarily halted by an army of (Celtic) Britons under the command of the legendary King Arthur. By the 7th century the Anglo-Saxons were ruling most of Britain. 10. Scandinavian raids. In 789 three Viking ships landed on the coast of the kingdom of West Saxon. They were traders and raiders. In the 9th century they conquered and settled the islands around Scotland and some coastal regions of Ireland. Their conquest of England was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex
Chile's unusual, ribbon-like shape -- 4,300 kilometres long and on average 175 kilometres wide -- has given it a hugely varied climate, ranging from the world's driest desert -- the Atacama -- in the north, through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, to a snow-prone Alpine climate in the south, with glaciers, fjords and lakes. The Pacific forms the country's entire western border, with a coastline that stretches over 6,435 kilometres. Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Prior to the coming of the Spanish in the 16th century, northern Chile was under Inca rule while the indigenous Araucanians inhabited central and southern Chile. Although Chile
year. The date was chosen as the day of the death of Saint David in 589 and since then every year parades are held in Wales. The daffodil is the national flower of Wales. In Wales it is tradition to wear a daffodil on Saint David's day. The leek is one of the national symbols of Wales and is also worn on Saint David's day. According to one legend the soldiers of Wales had to wear it on their helmets to recognize themselves in battles. The tradition of carving lovespoons goes back to the 17th century as it was popular pastime for sailors at the sea. Nowadays lovespoons have become extremely popular as souvenirs and gift, because they are unique to Wales. The triple harp is the national instrument of Wales. It has been used for ages as an accompaniment to folk-singing and dancing and as a solo instrument. It is called triple harp because it has three rows of strings. By the end of the 18th century the triple harp was widely known as the welsh harp because of its popularity in Wales.
authorship of the works attributed to him.[172] Proposed alternative candidates include Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.[173] Several "group theories" have also been proposed.[174] Only a small minority of academics believe there is reason to question the traditional attribution,[175] but interest in the subject, particularly the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, continues into the 21st century. [176] Religion Main article: Shakespeare's religion Some scholars claim that members of Shakespeare's family were Catholics, at a time when Catholic practice was against the law.[177] Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, certainly came from a pious Catholic family. The strongest evidence might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by John Shakespeare, found in 1757 in the rafters of his former house in Henley Street. The document is now lost, however, and scholars differ as to its authenticity
1. History The people who chose to live at the river mouth thousands of years ago stayed here permanently. It is known that in 1154 the Arabian traveller and geographer Abu Abdallah Muhammed al-Idrisi serving the King of Sicily mentioned a river named Bernu. Embecke ("Emajõgi" in Estonian) is the same River Bernu referred to by al- Idrisi and later renamed as the River Pärnu. Pärnu's first period of prosperity was the time from the beginning of the 14th century up to the end of the 15th century while it was a port on the route to the Hanseatic City of Novgorod. 2. Attractions Places to visit: ● Rannapark (Beach Park) & Vallikäär ● Eliisabet Church was built 1747 and is now a popular location for concerts. It’s organ has a distinct, beautiful sound. ● Jekateriina Church is one of the most beautiful apostolic baroque churches in Estonia ● Tallinna Gates, also called as Kuningavärav (King’s Gates) is a part of former medieval
The shights of Estonia Brigita Maria Raave St. Olaf’s Church St. Olaf’s Church in Tallinn, in Estonia is believed to have been build in the 12th century. St. Olaf’s Church is located in Lai Street. St. Olaf’s Church is the city’s biggest medieval structure, took its name from the sainted Norwegian king Olaf Haraldsson. St Olaf Church was part of the united western tradition of Christianity, whose polity continues in the Roman Catholic church today. However, from the Reformation the church has been part of the Lutheran tradition. In 1950 St. Olaf’s Church became a Baptist church.The Baptist congregation continues to meet at St Olaf’s
History · The two different historical Estonian languages, the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. · Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia. · The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia. · The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Grammar · Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language, the canonical word order is SVO. (subject-verb-object) · In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but
A film review ''Shakespeare in love'' After seeing this wonderful romantic comedy movie, I can do only one thing and that is approve the movie in best way I can. The wonderful mixture of romance and comedy makes me want to watch it all over again and again. The film itself was written my Marc Norman and directed by John Madden and playwright Tom Stoppard. The plot talks about a 16th century playwright named William Shakespeare (Joseph Fiennes),who is suffering from lack of inspiration. Meanwhile there is a young wealthy lady named Viola de Lesseps (Gwyneth Paltrow) who has always dreamed about becoming an actress and one day hoped to find true love. Women were not allowed to act these days so she dressed up as a boy and went to Shakespeares play auditions and succeeded and that's where the inspiration and love story started to build up. Even though William at first didn't even
was as passionate towards politics as he was towards his art. He joined the National Convention, staged Republic marches and attacked the Royal Academy. His actions almost ended with him being guillotined but fortunately he was only sentenced a time in prison. Thereupon, with the rise of Napoleon, David was released from the prison and became the Emperors new personal painter. (Graham-Dixon, 2008, p.268) With regard to the French artists in general, in the 18th century they were dependent on the Academy and therefore very restricted by formalities. King Louis XIV had forced painters to be extremely classical in their style and keep the paintings as clear and formal as possible. (Friedlaender, 1952, p.5) By the second half of the century political changes allowed art to be freer and therefore classicism started to bear a rather political note. Political art, various pamphlets, literature and the Enlightenment laid the foundations of the soon coming French
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The early Britons came across the land bridge which joined Britain to the continent. They were cave-dwellers at first. This way of life was replaced by the invaders from the Mediterranean lands. These men were the first farmers. In about 500 BC came the people whose homeland was near the Rhine River. These were the Celts. The Roman invasion began in 43AD. The Romans were highly organized conquerors. They built good roads, baths and bridges. The Romans stayed in the British Isles up to the 5th century. The remarkable thing about the Romans is that, despite their long occupation of Britain, they left very little behind. Most of the villas and temples the impressive network of roads and the cities they founded, including Londinium, 4 were soon destroyed. The next invaders were the Anglo-Saxons. They came from nowadays Germany, Holland and Denmark.
Cromwell’s dictatorship. In 1660, monarchy restored under Charles II. 1668 the Glorious Revolution + constitutional monarchy, i.e. constitution added to restrict the power of the monarch and divide obligations and power with the Parliament. Beginning of the century, literature, especially drama flourished. Emergence of puritanism – poetry becomes leading form. Puritanism – purification of religion, of all unnecessary rituals and decorations, in essence, all pleasure equals sin. Closed theatres and denounced all drama, dance, rural festivals, even country sports
its 27 embrasures for cannons and 30 for handguns. The floors of the embrasures were initially stepped to enable the men handle the guns better. Reconstructions in the 16th and 17th century changed the original looks of the tower considerably. 4. Suur Munamägi ("Big Egg Hill") Mountain Suur Munamägi, or Big Egg Hill, is the highest point in Estonia and other two Baltic countries. It is 318 meters high. The mountain is located in the middle part of Haanja uplands. It is in Haanja national park in Võrumaa. On the top of the mountain there is an observation tower the view from 346,7 meters is 50 km in radius. 5
are 15 more steps to ascend to the upper observation platform. Overview Shape of the tower Eiffel and his engineers, as renowned bridge builders however, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. The shape of the tower was therefore determined by mathematical calculation involving wind resistance. Installations Since the beginning of the 20th century, the tower has been used for radio transmission. Until the 1950s, an occasionally modified set of antenna wires ran from the summit to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars Eiffel Tower at night Restaurants The tower has two restaurants: Altitude 95, on the first floor the Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift Observation desk The uppermost observation deck, with a
NATIONAL EMBLEMS The leek,which is reputed to have been adopted after a battle in which the Welsh forces wore leeks on their hats to distinguish themselves from the English army. The daffodil,possibly because the Welsh word for ,,leek"(,,cenhinen")is almost the same as ,,daffodil"(,,cenhinen pedr"). SOUVENIR The lovespoon,inticately carved from a single piece of wood,is the traditional symbol of betrothal and dates back to the 17 th century. FAMOUS WELSH PEOPLE ACTORS: Richard Burton Sir Anthony Hopkins Catherine Zeta Jones OTHERS: Sir George Everest - famous traveler and explorer.The highest peak in the world is named after him. Laura Ashley - famous fashion creator. David Lloyd George - past British Prime Minister WRITERS AND POETS: Roald Dahl (19161990), author Dick Francis (born 1920), jockey and author Dylan Thomas (19141953), poet Ronald Stuart Thomas (19132000), poet
James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce Irish novelist and poet Click to edit Master text styles one of the most Second level Third level influential writers in the Fourth level modernist avant-garde Fifth level of the early 20th century Early life born on 2 February Click to edit Master text styles 1882 Second level Third level eldest of ten surviving Fourth level children Fifth level Slide into poverty Educaation Clongowes Wood College
Estonian Aviation Academy , and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. Other notable institutions include the Supreme Court of Estonia (re-established in Tartu in autumn 1993), the Estonian Historical Archives and Estonian national theatre Vanemuine. Historical names of the town include Tarbatu,an Estonian fortress founded in the 5th century,Yuryev named c. 1030 by Yaroslav I the Wise, and Dorpat as first known by the German crusaders in the 13th century. Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the old town centre is being renovated. Notably, St. John's church, in ruins since World War II, has been restored. Pärnu Pärnu is a city in southwestern Estonia on the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea. It is a popular summer vacation resort with many hotels, restaurants, and large beaches. The Pärnu River flows through the city and drains into the Gulf of Riga. The city is served by Pärnu Airport.
building of the Riigikogu, which originates from the time of the First Republic of Estonia and is hidden behind the walls of the castle Time has been generous to Toompea castle. The well-protected fortress has been almost impregnable. It has been spared big fires and, even more importantly, the palace has always had its masters. Being a centre of power also meant that the best master builders and architects of their time worked here. In the second decade of the last century the Estonians had, for the first time in their history, the opportunity to build up a state of their own. By that time, the image of Toompea as a centre of power was so deeply rooted in the people that the voices of those who considered it a stronghold of foreign landlords remained in a small minority. With the construction of the Riigikogu building within the walls of the castle, the Estonian seat of power was perpetuated on Toompea. Throughout
The Haapsalu Bishop's Castle The Haapsalu Bishop's Castle and Cathedral, which was established in the 13th century as the centre of the SaareLääne Diocese, is one of the best preserved castles in Estonia. It is located on the western coast of Estonia in Haapsalu. The Haapsalu Castle is one of the most remarkable examples of Estonian MiddleAge fortress architecture. The stronghold construction, widening and reconstruction went on throughout several centuries, with architecture changing according to the development of weapons. The fortress achieved its final dimensions area
The language is being used about half a million people in Wales and possibly another few hundred thousand people within England and even Australia and United States of America. The normal language of every day life is still English but in some regions such as Gwynedd and Dyfed, the use of Welsh is very wide and well spread. The tendency nowadays is towards the development and introduction of Welsh. This could not have been said at the first part of the 20th century. Welsh have been under the reign or a part of Great Britain for a long time. During the 16 th century, particularly at the time of Henry the VIII, they tried to force the Welsh language out by an Act which declared that the language to be used in courts and administrative offices would have to be English. And of course the most natural process started as people were forced to talk English, they taught their children English and the Welsh language was to be forgotten. But that did not happen.
another. Many megalithic monuments were built around that time, e.g. Stonehenge, the Avebury ring. The Roman Invasion 55-54 BC, Julius Caesar ruled Rome, Rome built the Hadrian's wall (73 miles long, built in 121 127 AD) against the Picts and Scots, bits have survived till today. The Romans bring along the Christian faith The beginning of Christianization of the Celts. The Romans withdrew their forces together with the fall of the Roman empire. Anglo Saxon Invasion 5th 6th century AD. Germanic tribes from Scandinavia: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes settle in what today is known as England and force the Celtic tribes to move to Scotland, Ireland, Wales. The Angles settled in Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia; The Saxons in Essex, Sussex, Wessex and the Jutes in Kent. 569 AD Pope Gregory the great sends missionaries led by St. Augustine to Britain. The Benedictines
brothels. LAS VEGAS · is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping, and entertainment. Las Vegas, billed as The Entertainment Capital of the World, is famous for the number of casino resorts and associated entertainment · Established in 1905, Las Vegas officially became a city in 1911. With the growth that followed, at the close of the century Las Vegas was the most populous American city founded in the 20th century. · The city's tolerance for various forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and this image has made Las Vegas a popular setting for films and television programs. · As seen from space, the Las Vegas metropolitan area is the brightest on Earth. · Nicknames: "The Entertainment Capital of the World,"
spears and boomerangs. They raised no crops and had no herds. For food, they hunted and fished and gathered wild fruits and nuts. But their had very well-worked-out customs. A few Aborigines still live in the emptier part of the continent and follow the thousands-of-years-old customs of their ancestors. th The discovery of Australia goes back to the 17 century. The first discoverers were Dutchmen, who visited the north, west and north-west coasts of Australia. The discovered continent was called New Holland. Therefore no interest was taken in it for more than 150 years, cause the land was described as sandy and waterless. In 1770 Captain James Cook, the famous sailor and explorer, reached Australia from the south-east and it differed from the other parts of Australia. He landed in a place, great of
) is also fairlyuniversal (cf. Estonian "terviseks" and "tere"<"terve", Russian "()" < ""; ancient Romans used "Vale!" "be healthy!" as a parting formula). The meaning of sacredness as in halig > HOLY is related to magic/religion linked with healing and being healthy (cf. Healer above). nu now (NOW). Spelling changed in the Middle English period (French scribes used ou or ow for /u:/). Pronunciation changed during the Great Vowel Shift (14th- 16th century, possibly also later) when long /u:/ > /au/ The re-emergence of English: Starting with the 14th century. A relatively unique phenomenon: conquerors do not leave but the language of the conquered returns. In the case of English peasants as the Black Death killed off so many of them, the nobility did not have enough people to till the land and generally work for them. Peasants had been serfs, tied to their land: whenever they tried to escape from a lord who treated
The Renaissance In the history the Middle Ages were followed by the Renassance period. During this period a new class called bourgeoeisie came into being. This is the period when monarchies based on nationality were estabilished. The Renaessance started in Italy In the 14th century. Then it spread all over Europe, reached England in 16th century. The struggle for power culminated in a war called The War of Roses. It was a civil war between two dynasties, families. They had different emblems on one side the Yorks (white rose) other Lancasters (red). They couldn't decide who gets the throne. War ended 1485. A new dynasty came to throne, Tudor, the first king in this dynasty was Henry Vll. When he came to throne a period of stability followed because he built a nation based state. He was good at diplomacy
The spoken and written laguage berween 400 and 1100 AD is referred to as Old English. Many words used today come from Old English. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words entered the language English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and Latin. French brouht many words connected with goverment. Modern English eas greatly influenced by the English used in London and changed a great deal until the end of the 18th century. Many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. Nowadays 80 percent of the word-stock is foreign-born. So we can say that most world languages have contributed some words to English at some time, and the process is now being reversed. Purists of the languages are resisting the arrival of English in their vocabulary. The standard English oh today is known as BBC English. Few British people
but not single one of them is married. It is almost like try-out, to see if living together will work out or not. Also if something goes wrong, then it takes less time and money to brake up. In my point of view the choice to live together without marriage may also be one of the reasons why people are so easygoing and give up so easlily. Thirdly, to get married in a church you need to be blessed, but there are less and less people who are blessed in this time of century. For example I am one of those people who is not blessed.This leaves only one more option and that is ordinary official ceremony registration. More and more my generation people are using the last method. For example one of my classmates relative one day appeared behind her mothers door and said: ,,We are now married!" But can you say that registration is really getting married or is it just one way to own the same last name and property
Kingdom and British overseas territories. It alone has parliamentary sovereignty over all other political bodies. At its head is the Queen Elizabeth II. The parliament has an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons. The House of Lords plays an important role in checking and challenging the decisions and actions of the government through questions and debates. A House of Commons evolved at some point in England during the 14th century, becoming the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland in 1707. How laws are made Most new laws passed by Parliament result from proposals made by the government. Proposals aim to shape society or address particular problems. Normally, they are created over a period of time. History In the Middle Ages and early modern period there were three kingdoms within the
Elva is a town of many lakes and pines Present Elva is a town of recreational activities, culture and sports. On May 1st, 1938 Elva became a town In 1913 a two grade school was opened Elva is named after the Elva river that has been mentioned in books already in XVII century.
Its tastes were at first pretty simple, the favourite genres being folk comedy and romantic melodrama, although both also transmitted halfhidden social and political attitudes. In less than forty years, in 1906, the leading amateur companies, the "Vanemuine" in the university town Tartu and the "Estonia" in Tallinn, could become professional, and in 1911 the "Endla" of P ärnu joined them. Theatre became especially popular amongst Estonians in the second half of the 19th century. Before that time, theatre had mostly been staged in German for the benefit of the local nobility and merchants. Theatre in Estonian emerged in various song and drama societies, the strongholds of national thought. In the early 20th century, these societies turned into professional theatres, some of which, the national opera Estonia for example, function even today. The scheme from society to theatre is a general phenomenon, because all the present state theatres
The King's Speech The King's Speech is a true story based drama. The story is set in England in 20 th century. It is about King Georg VI of Britain, his sudden rise to the throne in 1936 and his speech therapist Lionel Logue who helped him to get rid of his stammer. King Georg VI is the son of King George V and father of the currently ruling Queen Elizabeth II. The film is directed by Tom Hooper, starring Colin Firth (King Georg VI), Helena Bonham Carter (his wife Elizabeth) and Geoffrey Rush (Lionel Logue). After the death of King Georg V his older son became his successor - King Edward VIII.
Charles Church By Annabel Peterson Charles Chruch is a Lutheran church in the centre of Tallinn, on Tõnismägi hill. It is architecturally the most magnificent out of all Estonian sacred buildings in the 19th century, also Charles congregation is currently the largest in Estonia by the number of members. It was originally built in the 17th century, during the time of Swedish rule, when king Charles XI commissioned the construction of a church for the Estonian and Finnish population in 1670. At first it was wooden and not very large, built in a Greek cross style. Traditionally, the church was named after the king that built it. In 1710, right before the invasion of the Russian troops and during the Great Northern War, the church was burnt down along with many buildings surrounding the city fortification wall
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A century ago communication across any distance was dependent upon the telegraph or letters. No jets crossed the ocean, no television pictures enabled us instantly to see events in any part of the world, there were no worldwide telephone networks and no computers. It is just a short lifetime since humanity first travelled into space and discovered how fragile our planet looks. FROM FIREWORKS TO THE MOON
PIZZA History ● 997 AD in Gaeta, Italy ● similar foods ● modern pizza from flatbread dishes ● Italy,18th/early 19th century Nowadays ● oven-baked flat bread ● topped with tomato sauce and cheese ● pizza varieties Pizza Margherita ● invented in 1889 ● Queen Margherita ● colors of the Italian flag Ingredients ● 1 pizza base ● pizza sauce ● favourite pizza toppings ● favourite cheese How to make a pizza Thank you for your attention!
It has more than40 theatres, where audiences enjoy everything from musicals to William Shakespeare's plays. The city also contain many cinemas, concert halls, museums and art galleries. Royal residence English (later British) kings and queens have lived in London for almost 1,000 years. There are several royal palaces in the capital. St James's Palace was built by King Henry VIII in the 16th century. Since 1837 the monarch has lived in Buckingham Palace LONDON'S EARLY HISTORY The Romans invaded England in 43 AD. They landed in Kent, made their way to the River Thames and sailed up it. Then they settled in a place on the north bank, where the river was not to wide. This settlement was called Londinium. A bridge was later built across the Thames. Roman London Tribes in England fought the Romans. The Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca,
MASS MEDIA By ''mass media '' we intend to those means of communication which can reach large or mass audiences. The most important are probably Television, Radio, the Press and Internet. The English-speaking peoples have always allowed more freedom of speech and of the press than most other countries. This gave them an advantage from the start in communications. The ground work for mass communications in the 20th century was laid in the 19th century by two inventions which allowed people to communicate by wire. These were the electric telegraph and the telephone. The telegraph was invented in Britain in 1837. They were being used in the Civil war. It allowed messages to be sent electrically over telegraph wires. This was much faster and more reliable than sending messages by horse messenger. the telephone was invented In 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. The first radio broadcasts were transmitted
Westminster Abbey The Collegiate Church of St Peter Location In London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster History · Benedictine monks tenth century · Coronation church since 1066 · The present church 1245 - 1745 Traditional burial and coronation site · 17 monarchs : o Henry III o Mary II o Edward the confessor · Famous people o Sir Isaac Newton o Charles Dickens o Charles Darwin o Rudyard Kipling THE END
fauna. Jõgeva town The small town of Jõgeva town is located on the eastern side of Middle-Estonia. You won't find large buildings or breathtaking architecture here, but an overwhelming sense of togetherness and plenty of cultural events, the majority of them geared towards younger people. Jõgeva town was born 130 years ago, thanks to the Tapa-Tartu railway: this is where the first train stopped and a village formed around the railway station. Just half a century later, Jõgeva earned its town rights. There are about 6500 people living in Jõgeva. Jõgeva events · The festival year in Jõgeva starts with a music festival dedicated to the tragic Estonian composer Alo Mattiisen · In June, around mid-summer's day, when Estonia enjoys its white nights, Jõgeva town organises its "Helisev Suveöö" ("Sound of a Midsummer Night") festival, when music can be enjoyed all over the town, including in private gardens.
The Renaissance * From the end of 15 century to the beginning of 17th century * The Renaissance is a cultural movement thata started in Italy and spread through Europe * The Renaissance in England covers the period of apporoximately 150 years (1492- 1623 ) * As Queen Elisabeth l was the ruler at that time, it is also called Elisabeth Age * It was the time of the spread of printing ( books) and the exploration of the New World * The Reformation and the establishment of national churches * Humanism. Value on individual human worth and dignity * Art
particularly from the Iberian Peninsula , were responsible for major Neolithic sites such as Newgrang.On the arrival of Saint Patrick and other Christian missionaries in the early to mid-5th century AD, Christianity began to subsume the indigenous Celtic religion, a process that was completed by the year 600. Irish Music The indigenous music of the island is termed Irish traditional music. It has remained vibrant through the 20th, and into the 21st century, despite globalizing cultural forces. In spite of emergration and a well-developed connection to music influences from Britain and the United States, Irish music has kept many of its traditional aspects and has itself influenced many forms of music, such as country and roots music in the USA, which in turn have had some influence on modern rock music Irish literature For a comparatively small island, Ireland has made a
Swift uses this scene to satire the British government at this time. The British government also elected their ministers in a same foolish manner. Throughout the first book in Gulliver's Travels, Swift uses satire to demonstrate British politics by using the Lilliputians as a tool to mock and at the same time educate England and its politics. Through Gulliver's eyes, Swift demonstrates the way British people lived in the eighteenth century. From each experience we grasp a stronger understanding of the faults of their government and people who ran them. But most importantly, Swift teaches us through satire to take a good look at ourselves, not only our government and to recognize its faults and try to improve on them.
Pidgins, creoles and standard language Pidgin language A simplified language Mainly employed in trade NOT the native language of any community may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages and cultures No particular rules Chinese Pidgin English a pidgin lexically based on English and influenced by Chinese developed in 17th century in China Began to decline during the 19th century, when standard English began to be taught in schools Chinese Pidgin English Some characteristics: Based on a vocabulary of 700 English words Grammar and syntax are simple and positional (grammatical categories are indicated by the position of words in a sentence) Lack of plural personal pronouns Chinese Pidgin English Example sentences: Hab gat rening kum daun (Have got raining come down) “There is rain coming down”
The Manhattan Project
• Einstein wrote a letter to President
Franklin D. Roosevelt informing him of
a possible atomic bomb being built in
Germany. (Galenet)
• Einstein’s formula, E=MC2, was key in
the United States developing the
atomic bomb. (Galenet)
Awards
• Throughout his career as a scientist, Einstein has won
numerous awards. These are only some of what he
received for his accomplishments:
– Named person of the century by Time magazine in
1999.
– The Gallop Poll recorded Einstein as the fourth most
admired person in the 20th century.
– Barnard Medal of Columbia University in 1920
– Copley Medal of Royal Society in 1925
– Max Planck Medal of German Physical Society in 1929
– Gold Medal of Royal Astronomical Society in 1926
"Albert Einstein World of Earth Science." 2008. Biography Resource Center. Gale. School Lib., King of
Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008
• Estonian is one of the languages with a larger number of noun cases than typical. • According to comparative grammar studies, Estonian is one of the most sophisticated languages among the world languages. Holidays and Celebrations • Jaanipäev(Jaans day) • Mardi ja kadripäev(Kadri and Mardi’s day) • Laulupidu ja tantsupidu(Song and dance festival) Music • The history of music in Estonia dates back as far as the 12th century. The older folksongs, referred runic songs, are in the poetic metre regivärss the tradition shared by all Baltic Finns. These were gradually replaced by rhythmic folksongs in the 18th century. • Music as a whole is important for the Estonian people because it’s been a way for us to express our need for freedom and eventually getting this freedom this way. • The Estonian Hymn was written by Finnish Composer Fredrik Pacius who used the same notes
Inuit Culture, Traditions, and History Traditional Inuit way of life was influenced by the harsh climate and stark landscapes of the Arctic tundra from beliefs inspired by stories of the aurora to practicalities like homes made of snow. Inuit invented tools, gear, and methods to help them survive in this environment. Read on to learn more about traditional Inuit ways of life, and how Inuit culture has been changed over the past century. Geography Inuit communities are found in the Arctic, in the Northwest Territories, Labrador and Quebec in Canada, above tree line in Alaska (where people are called the Inupiat and Yupik), and in Russia (where people are called the Yupik people). In some areas, Inuit people are called "Eskimos" however many Inuit find this term offensive. The word "Inuit" means "the people" in the Inuktitut language. Inuit Homes
annaabi.ee 
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