reference to a position or role, as when the condemned prisoner says "I am traditionally allowed to order whatever I like for my last meal" (Nunberg 1993: 20). Sometimes "I" is used in formulating a generalization, as in "If I'm a music department, I'm a snake pit." The temporal reference of "now" can be deferred also, as when we are looking at a time-line representation of the evolution of life and, pointing, I say, "Now the dinosaurs appear," or when you leave a message on your answering machine that says "I am not home now." "Now" is sometimes spatial rather than in any way temporal--"Now Hillsborough Road crosses Airport Road and becomes Umstead Drive"--and sometimes not even spatiotemporal--"Now comes the first prime number 142 Pragmatics and speech acts whose square is greater than 1,000." But one job of semantic pragmatics is to refine such rules until they are adequate to the data. The intensional logician David Kaplan (1978) thinks of such rules as functions
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an unfamiliar voice on the phone, offering only the frailest evidence of authority- the claimed title "doctor." CONNOTATION NOT CONTENT WI:, • One of the researchers made an identical phone call to 22 separate nurses' sta- tions on various surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric wards. He identified himself as a hospital physician and directed the answering nurse to give 20 mil- ligrams of a drug (Astrogen) to a specific ward patient. There were four excellent reasons for the nurse's caution in response to this order: (1) the prescription was transmitted by phone, in direct violation of hospital policy; (2) the medication itself was unauthorized. Astrogen had not been cleared for use nor placed on the ward stock list; (3) the prescribed dosage was obviously and dangerously excessive. The
and company commander, a post he held for nine years. He retired in 1852 with the rank of major, and though he served from 1860 to 1868 as the commander of a National Guard-like battalion, he found sufficient leisure to devote some to cryptology, for in 1863 his short but epochal book was published in Berlin by the respected house of Mittler & Sohn. Three quarters of Die Geheimschriften und die Dechif-frir-kunst concentrates on answering the problem that had vexed cryptanalysts for more than 300 years: how to achieve a general solution for polyalphabetic ciphers with repeating keywords. (One chapter zeroes in on "The Decipherment of French Writing"—a rather ominous portent in a book dedicated to the Count Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian minister of war who molded the army that humbled France only seven years later.) The polyalphabetic solution opened the doors to the cryptology of today.
to sleep. My "sleep" started roughly when I started watching TV. The rst good news came a week later: the intelligent alarms, Zeo and WakeMate, seemed to reduce grogginess. I was less bastardly in the morning and could think without two cups of co ee. Placebo or true cause and e ect, the "smart alarms" seemed to help. This was an improvement, but I needed better sleep, not just better wake times. This is where the Zeo really became valuable. I began with a trial period of answering a subjective question each morning and assigning a number: do I feel like shit (13) or do I feel awesome (810)? Nebulous answers between 4 and 7 that would skew interpretation were logged but ignored. In both extreme ranges, I then looked for patterns. Thanks to the continuous glucose monitoring, I also had food logs to use. Here are some of the initial findings: 1. Good sleep (810) was most dependent on the ratio of REM-to-total sleep, not total REM duration