Function appeal to reader's sentences in succession. of second part is inverted) imagination, strengthen dynamic before subject, - intensifier to nature of narrative. - adjectives make stronger 4. EPIPHORA after noun 4. CLIMAX expression of a (...* ...* ..
When Almasy escaped it was too late to save Katharine. He helped Germans and after three years he went back to desert and found Katharine. He put her to the plane and started flying. That is the part, how the story started. Plane made the crash and Almasy got burnt. · In my opinion this book was worth of reading, though firsty it seemned rather confusing, because sometimes I coulnd't catch who was the narrative. Book was enthralling and interesting to read. There was used a lot of adjectives to make an imagery to reader and that helped to follow the writers thoughts. Philip Michael Ondaatje (1943) He was educated at the University of Toronto and Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and began teaching at York University in Toronto in 1971. He published a volume of memoir, entitled Running in the Family, in 1983. His collections of poetry include The Collected Works of Billy the Kid: Left Handed Poems (1981), which won the Canadian Governor General's Award
CITATION FORM The citation form of the lexeme is the form that is employed to refer to the lexeme; it is also the form that is used for the alphabetical listing of lexemes in a conventional dictionary. In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one's best, perjure oneself. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can, and must have only the one form). In
3. Change the order of the words to make a correct sentence. ( 5 points ) 1) I wonder / can / you / me / help / if 2) a / my / to / written / I / mother / already / letter / long / have 3) the / watch / often / they / TV / in / evening 4) the / gave / my / for / this / umbrella / is / that / Sally / me / my / birthday 5) particular / nothing / have / at / tell / you / to / moment / the 4. Give the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: ( 5 points ) e.g. tall taller the tallest lucky difficult soft good interesting 5. Put these sentences into the Reported Speech. ( 5 points ) e.g. She said:"I will call you from London." She said that she would call me from London. 1) Eric said:"Jack has gone out." 2) Frank said:"The car is waiting at the front door." 3) Tommy asked:"Is there anybody at home?" 4) I asked my friend:"Why do you come so late?" 5) Jane said:"Think before you answer!" 6
4. nädal Outdoor activities by bus / car / train / plane, on foot English Country School Ordinals (the first, the second, ...) The Tower of London Posessive pronouns Polite English. Excuse me... 5. nädal Unit 3. A trip to Estonia Past Simple Travelling The comparison of adjectives Estonia. Writing a postcard Means of transport Polite English. Polite answers 6. nädal Unit 4. At the seaside Question words 7. nädal Class trip Pr Simple Pr Continuous Seaside activities Pr Simple Past Simple Polite English. Good wishes 8. nädal Unit 5. Round-up The beginning of scouting
We often play handball. - CORRECT We play often handball. - WRONG We often play handball. - CORRECT We play often handball. - WRONG The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences 1) Adverb at the beginning of a sentence Unfortunately, we could not see Mount Snowdon. 2) Adverb in the middle of a sentence The children often ride their bikes. 3) Adverb at the end of a sentence Andy reads a comic every afternoon. Adjectives: Examples: · The cake looks good. · Your hair looks great. Where did you get your hair cut. · My mother lost her keys. · The boys play ball all the time. · Your hair grew slowly. · The dog grew angry. · The boys talk loudly. · My brother talks big. Order: 1. Determiner - a, an, her, five, many, much several etc. 2. Opinion - pretty, ugly, smart, cheap, etc. 3. Size - big, fat, thin, tall, large, small etc. 4
) has a boy-friend (who?). She (who?) likes to read books (what?). The earth (what?) is a planet (what?). Besides, there are: THE ATTRIBUTE (WHAT?/WHAT KIND?) and THE ADVERBIAL (WHEN? - adverbial modifier of time/WHERE? – adverbial modifier of place/ HOW? – adverbial modifier of manner) Attributes modify nouns and stand in front of them. Adverbials modify verbs and usually stand behind them: This girl has a beautiful smile. This girl smiles beautifully. Attributes are usually adjectives but sometimes nouns as well: This is an interesting (adjective) story. The kitchen ( noun) door is locked. 2 Word Order in Affirmative Sentences In English the word order is not as flexible as in many other languages. The basic structure of an affirmative sentence is SUBJECT (Who?/What?) – PREDICATE (Action/State) – OBJECT (What?): Monkeys like bananas. Mary has a little lamb. All the world is a stage. The teacher is explaining the rule
collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns: •dog, cat, animal, man, person •bottle, box, litre •coin, note, dollar
· `Why and how' are not so important · Standard measures difficult or impossible to obtain Measuring Personality Personality · Self-report tests Questionnaires (yes/no, true-false, agree-disagree) Nomothetic Idiographic Adjectives E.g. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Schacter p. 492) Trait Psycho- Humanistic Social · Rating scales theories analytic -cognitive As above, completed by others · Projective tests
verb). Predicative funct.: The film was very strange. adverb phrase adverbifraas, A phrase with an adverb functioning as the head. The lecturer spoke very clearly. määrsõnafraas Adverb phrases can modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs and whole clauses. noun phrase nimisõnafraas, Has a noun or pronoun as its head. NPs can act as the My father (S) used to play the piano substantiivfraas subject (S), object (O) or predicative complement (C) (O). of a clause. You are a good friend (C).
LATIN- cheap, pepper, street, mile, butter, cheese, wine, inch, ounce, pound, kitchen, plum, cup, dish, mint, leitchester, clorcester, colonia, lincoln, fossbrok, mass, monk, nunn, bishop, abbot, minster, apostle, pope, altar, hymn, democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, aboration, enthusiasm, permissions, imaginary, allusion, anacroism, dexterity, nucleous, formula, vertegra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, molacule, i.e- that is, viz- videlicet, etc- et cetera, e.f- confer Latin adjectives for english nouns- nose-nasal, mouth-oral, sun-solar, moon-lunas, son-filial, daughter- filial, mother- maternal, father- paternal. GREEK- abbot, angel, apostle, bishop, school, cilinder, cycle, dialoge, cardiac, phonetic, gymansium, biathlon, pentathlon, decathlon, olympic, diagnoses, prognoses, analyses, technology, epic, drama, poem, tragedy, comedy, theatre, epilogue, prologue, methaphor CELTIC- welsh, walloon, wallnut, bannock, bin, brock, badger, caln, whiskey, lock, slogan,
similar amount of time to be pronounced. Each syllable is distinctively and clealry pronounced (timing the flow of the language). Stress-timed rhythm rhythm is based on stressed syllables of words. Unstressed syllables tend to be compressed and can almost disappear (In English, vowels are reduced to schwa). The words that carry the stressed syllables responsible for sentence rhythm are usually content words, function words are usually unstressed. Content words nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs Function words prepositions, articles, determines, pronouns, auxiliary verbs. Assimilation the change of one sound into another sound because of the influence of neighbouring sounds. Primarily consonants are affected by it and it is typical of rapid and casual speech. Types of assimilation: · Regressive assimilation the word-final morpheme is affected by the initial one of the following word (assimilation in place of articulation). E.g. light blue, that thing
Latin borrowings cheap, pepper, street, mile, butter, cheese, wine, inch, ounce, pound, kitchen, plum, cup, dish, mint, Leicester, Clocester, colonia, lincoln, fossbrok, mass, monk, nun, bishop, abbot, minster, apostle, pope, altar, hymn, democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, abortion, enthusiasm, permissions, imaginary, allusion, anachronism, dexterity, nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, molecule, i.e- that is, viz- videlicet, etc- et cetera, c.f- confer Latin adjectives for english nouns- nose-nasal, mouth-oral, sun-solar, Greek borrowings abbot, angel, apostle, bishop, school, cilinder, cycle, dialogue, cardiac, phonetic, gymnasium, biathlon, pentathlon, decathlon, olympic, diagnosis, prognosis, analysis, technology, epic, drama, poem, tragedy, comedy, theatre, epilogue, prologue, metaphor Celtic borrowings welsh, walloon, walnut, bannock, bin, brock, badger, caln, whiskey, lock, slogan, arthur, donald and mac.
.. You may remember ... As I'm sure we'd all agree ... Everyday language Using slang and everyday expressions can make an impact on the audience and add drama: Where's the caring side of employment gone? I'll tell you where. It's hiding behind a damned set of targets and objectives that's where it is! You need to know your audience very well to use this kind of language. Emphasising and minimising Emphasising Strong adverbs intensify adjectives: We've had an extremely good year. This kind of negligence is absolutely unacceptable. Adverbs can be total, very strong, or moderate. TOTAL absolutely (fantastic) completely (awful) entirely (depressing) totally (unacceptable) VERY STRONG extremely (good) very (bad) highly (dangerous) MODERATE fairly (safe) reasonably (expensive) quite (cheap) Minimizing Look at the way the following expressions of degree and uncertainty modify, or minimize, the message:
Gan was suppletive in Old English, past form: eode.Eode was supplanted by went (past form of wenden) at the end of the Middle English period.To wend has survived in Modern English in phrases such as to wend one's way, we wended homewards (ironic usage). Thus: suppletivity- suppletion different parts of one and the same paradigm come from what were originally different paradigms (different words with close meanings or words in different but close dialects).Suppletion embraces verbs, adjectives, nouns. Be was/were been (Old English beon/wesan) (am, art, is, are); in Old English some suppletive forms were used parallel to one another) Good better best Bad worse worst Much more most Little less least Estonian: hea parem (cf "paras" fitting, in Finnish "the best" - metonymical link), palju - rohkem Finnish: mennä (to go), lähteä (to leave) Estonian: minema, mine, lähen, läksin French: aller, je vais/nous allons, ira (future)
• when we refer to a system or service. Examples: When does the train arrive? We should call the ambulance. Example: I need a new laptop. Hand me a pencil, please. • with adjectives like rich, poor, or unemployed to talk about with professions. groups of people. Example: He is a postman. Example: Do you think the rich should pay more taxes? to show the person / thing is one of a group.
A good rule is to avoid using `would' in the if-clause. This is almost always true. Translate: 26 1 Kui ma leian numbri, siis ütlen teile. 2 Kui homme on ilus ilm, siis lähen maale. 3 Ma helistan tagasi, kui saan informatsiooni. 4 Kui Mary helistab, siis saan need andmed. 5 Kui ma teaksin, siis ütleksin teile. 6 Kui ma oleks teadnud, siis oleksin sinna läinud. 27 MODULE 8 Comparison of adjectives. Shopping, shops, garments, foodstuffs. We can compare things using as ... as Write sentences using this information and as ... as .. e.g. Blue eyes are as beautiful as brown eyes. Green eyes aren't as common as blue or brown eyes. 1 brown eyes/sensitive to light/blue eyes 2 in hot countries blue eyes/common/brown eyes 3 small eyes/attractive/large eyes 4 women's eyebrows/thick/men's 5 eye make-up/old/history 6 our ears/important/our eyes
The violation of the accepted rules of word order is called inversion. COMPLETE INVERSION means the predicate or part of it comes before the subject and thus the misplaced part is emphasised. NT: Beautiful those days were. (normal: those days were beautiful) NT: Unhappy went he. NT: Satisfied he looked. NT: Go I must. PARTIAL INVERSION is when the direct object comes first in the sentence. NT: His love letters I returned to the detective. The adjective or several adjectives come after the noun they modify (gives a solem and little archaic touch). NT: I saw the first spring flowers, cold and shy and wintry. NT: In some places there are yellow tulips, slender, spicky and Chinese-looking. POOLELI LK 33 DETACHMENT DETACHMENT means a syntactic separation of a word or phrase from the rest of the sentence to emphasise the isolated part. Isolation is signalled by punctuation (comma, dot, dash, semicolon, full stop) that are not actually
There was a photograph on top of the chest of drawers. 4 the bike a idea she upon hiring hit of The hit upon an idea of hiring a bike 5 she with were up when filled her tears stood eyes My alarm went off alarm quarter to five. 7 exhibition his of best in ran the hall into friend he front He ranned into his friend in front of the exhibition hall. 8 have your a look take and time around Take your time and have a look around. --- 6 5. Complete the exercise with the adjectives. annoyed delighted easy free important lucky puzzled wise 1 I was lucky to meet Ben's friend, Nina, who had helped him so much at the party. 2 If you need somewhere to stay overnight, surf the Internet. Cheap hostels are easy to find. 3 After the last lesson we were ... to go, but we all stayed to discuss the trip. 4 The children looked annoyed so the teacher repeated the question. 5 If you don't need the gloves immediately, it's ... to wait until the sales start.
· complex sentence structure - frequent · personal, short, zappy style use of Passive Voice - single word · use of slang or colloquial English use of verbs - non-colloquial English -- formal idioms/phrasal verbs language · pronouns are often omitted · each paragraph develops one specific · chatty, wide use of descriptive adjectives topic · use of short forms · only facts, infrequent use of descriptive Best wishes / Love / Yours / Regards. adjectives · no use of short forms Name: Steve Name: Yours faithfully/Yours sincerely, Steven Hill TASK 2 Put an - for formal and an I for informal language. Give reasons . 1 In reply to your query about ... 2 I trust that this is the information you require ....
allusion, anachronism, dexterity scientific (17th-18th nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic,carnivorous, incubate, aqueous, centuries) molecule The plurals of nucleus, verterbra, corpus, etc. Latin abbreviations in English i.e. = id est that is to say viz = namely etc = et cetera Latin adjectives for English nouns nose – nasal sun – solar son – filial mother – maternal mouth – oralmoon – lunar daughter – filial father – paternal stone – lithic 5. Greek borrowings The Greek language has contributed 50,000 words to the world. Christianity: New Testament in Greek. Catholic Church – Scclesiastical Latin. Examples: abbot, angel, apostle, bishop; school, cylinder, cycle, criterion, dialogue, cardiac, phonetic, gymnasium,
Earlyto Bed ... d a i l yro u ti n e s stress& relaxation; describing (mul ti pl choi e ce) ( pp. 70- 83) feelings; adjectives character NaturallyHot. Rotorua - Ainsworth HotSprings rn (u = at home;el ectrrcal technol ogy No MoreSecrets (matching E
Earlyto Bed ... d a i l yro u ti n e s stress& relaxation; describing (mul ti pl choi e ce) ( pp. 70- 83) feelings; adjectives character NaturallyHot. Rotorua - Ainsworth HotSprings rn (u = at home;el ectrrcal technol ogy No MoreSecrets (matching E
Earlyto Bed ... d a i l yro u ti n e s stress& relaxation; describing (mul ti pl choi e ce) ( pp. 70- 83) feelings; adjectives character NaturallyHot. Rotorua - Ainsworth HotSprings rn (u = at home;el ectrrcal technol ogy No MoreSecrets (matching E
Earlyto Bed ... d a i l yro u ti n e s stress& relaxation; describing (mul ti pl choi e ce) ( pp. 70- 83) feelings; adjectives character NaturallyHot. Rotorua - Ainsworth HotSprings rn (u = at home;el ectrrcal technol ogy No MoreSecrets (matching E
sh g (as in mirage) 3 - diphthong (as in boy) Grammar Change An interesting observation in the study of Middle English is the word order of certain phrases. In expressions like secretary general and surgeon general, the French order of adjectives and nouns is used. [English-adjective + noun; French-noun + adjective] Conclusion French influence has made a lasting print on English as we know it today. Many words which are generally conceded to be merely English, actually have their roots in French. Just pick up a dictionary to see. 13. Magna Carta The Magna Carta is an English legal document written in 1215 CE which had a huge influence on the developing legal system of England. The proper name for the Magna Carta is the Magna Carta
and a synonym for the word on your lists. This method will help you identify words with prefixes and synonyms on the TOEFL. Suffixes The final word part is the suffix. A suffix is added to the end of a word. Similar to a prefix, a suffix adds meaning to the root word. However, the meaning is often grammatical, telling us the tense or the function of the word; seldom does it change the actual meaning of the word in the way that prefixes do. Suffixes are attached to verbs, nouns, adverbs, and adjectives. There are not many suffixes on this part of the TOEFL, and you may already know many of them from your grammar study. Nevertheless, you should become familiar with all the English suffixes in the list here. ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES Suffix Meaning Example able capable of affordable ant tendency to dominant alive tendency to innovative ent tendency to persistent etic relating to sympathetic
Maturita Solutions Advanced Workbook Key 2C Arthur Miller and All my 5 Because the boys are in the Unit 2 sons page 13 middle of a frenzied feast. 6 He realises that the boys have 2A Compound adjectives 1 1 dramatist behaved in an unacceptable page 11 2 immigrant way and have lost touch with 1 Across 3 experienced `civilised' society. 1 broad 5 handed 4 hardship
N. A. Vavilov ASPECTS OF BRITISH HISTORY Н. А. Вавилов КРАТКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ Учебное пособие на английском языке Москва Институт международного права и экономики имени А. С. Грибоедова 2008 2 УТВЕРЖДЕНО кафедрой лингвистики и переводоведения Вавилов Н.А. Краткая история Великобритании: Учебное пособие на английском языке. – 2-е изд., пересмотр. и испр. – М.: ИМПЭ им. А.С. Грибоедова, 2008. – 88 с. Пособие содержит краткий очерк важнейших событий в истории Великобритании – от первых документально засвидетельствованных вторжений на остров (кельтов, римлян и англосаксов) до создания и распада Британск...
little sense to the reader until s/he figures out that cummings is perversely using expressions like "anyone" and "noone" as names of individual persons.) Second, consider a simple subjectpredicate sentence: (6) Ralph is fat. Though "Ralph" may name a person, what does "fat" name or denote? Not an individual. Certainly it does not name Ralph, but describes or character- izes him (fairly or no). We might suggest that "fat" denotes something abstract; for example, it and other adjectives might be said to refer to qualities (or "properties," "attri- butes," "features," "characteristics," and the like) of things. "Fat" might be said to name fatness in the abstract, or as Plato would have called it, The Fat Itself. Perhaps what (6) says is that Ralph has or exemplifies or is an instance of the quality fatness. On that interpretation, "is fat" would mean "has fat- ness." But then, if we try to think of subjectpredicate meaning as a matter
They aimed both at security and brevity: obviously it was easier to say "Operation TORCH" than "the Anglo-American invasion of North Africa," and solvers of any messages would still have to determine the meaning of the code-names. Selection and assignment of the codenames was, in the United States, a duty of the Current Section of the Army's Operations Division. Men of the unit culled the unabridged dictionaries for suitable words—chiefly common nouns and adjectives that did not imply operations or localities. They avoided, as confusing, personal and ships' names and geographical terms. Of the dictionaries' 400,000 words, they compiled about 10,000 in scrambled order in a classified book. They cross-checked these to eliminate any conflicts with British codenames. Then they assigned blocks of codenames to theater commanders. In theory the codenames bore no relation, either by denotation or connotation, to what they stood for
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