hard life. th At the beginning of the 19 century free settlers began to arrive from Britain in large numbers. The south and east were settled before the north and the west because of tropical conditions and these areas remained unpopulated for a long time. As the colonies along the south and east coast developed, they refused to receive any more convicts. From the middle of the 19th century no convicts were brought from Britain to Australia. Wildlife Australia is the only continent on earth where marsupials live; they are also known as pouched mammals and egg-lying mammals. Ordinary mammals live also in Australia and these mammals are mostly imported there. Marsupials are kangaroos, wombats, koalas, Tasmanian wolves and Tasmanian devils. Their cubs are born before they are fully developed.
In the Middle Ages that part of Toompea where the castle stands was called the Small Fortress. The rest of the hill with the homes of the feudal lords and bishop of Tallinn was called the Big Fortress. The main building, the centre of the Small Fortress, was the Convention House- a building where the members of the knighthood lived. In the 1920s the reconstruction of the building was carried out. The northern part of it became the seat of the State Assembly of the Estonian Republic. In the 19th century a public garden was laid out the Governor's Garden. Town Wall and its Towers The first town wall of Tallinn, which was rather low and modest, was built in the second half of the 13th century. It was called Margaret's Wall by the Danish queen Margaret in 1265. In 1310 Johan Canne was appointed Viceregent of Tallinn and he started the re- construction of the wall, known as Canne Wall. The wall was completed by 1355. The wall was 6.5 metres high and 2.3 metres thick and had 14 towers
Brazil In Brazil, the word crioulo came to mean "dark skinned person", that is, a person of mostly African ancestry. In the Colony it was common to refer to a slave born in Brazil as a crioulo and to a slave from Africa as an "African". Thus crioulo came to refer to slaves born and raised in Brazil. Later, crioulos was used to refer to all people of African ancestry.African slaves were imported into the country from the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. Due to their multiple ethnic roots and to the wide geographic expanse of the country, the slaves and their descendants did not constitute a organized ethnic group. On the other hand, as in the Portuguese colonies in Africa, people of mixed Portuguese and African ancestry soon came to constitute a large segment of the population. There were no sharp class divisions based on degrees of African heritage. As a consequence, the term crioulo never became the name of an ethnic group. Instead
Filled Roll / Salad Roll – used in New Zealand Sous-marin – used in Quebec (Canada) Spuckie – used in Boston, Massachusetts Tunnel – used in various New England areas Wedge – used in Yonkers, New York and other parts of Westchester County 3) Discuss the meaning and origin of the following words and phrases: Among other sources use the evidence of the Corpus of Historical American English (http://corpus.byu.edu/coha/) department store – The term was first brought to use in the 19th century. In 1877, George and Edward Butler founded a small wholesale mail-order company in Boston, which later became known as the Butler Bros. Their innovation of the “Five Cent Counter” started the epidemic of department stores all over the country. From the French department, which meant “group of people” and “departure”, English has borrowed the sense of “separate division”. Meanwhile, store originally meant “supplies or
Population 1. Size, its changes 2. Distribution 3. Towns 4. Ethnic makeup 5. Age breakdown 6. Religion(s) 1. Size. 1 July 2006 population estimates by UK National Statistics: % (mid- Part Population (mid-2006) 2006) England 50,762,900 83.8 Scotland 5,116,900 8.4 Wales 2,965,900 4.9 Northern Ireland 1,741,600 2.9 United Kingdom 60,587,300 100 Although Britain is quite small in terms of land area (245,000 sq km), it has a large population of nearly 61 million, which ranks the 21st in the world (Britain is the 21st most populous state in the world) and the third largest in the European Union. The size of population is chan...
at midnight on Tuesday morning in the evening at night on Monday afternoon in the daytime at sunrise on the night of 9 April, 1988 later in the day at breakfast on the evening of May the first (at two o`clock) in the night at the weekend on a sunny day in August in the 19th century at Christmas on Christmas Eve in the summer of 1970 at New Year on New Year`s Eve in spring at the beginning of the month on Christmas Day in (the) future 4 MILLAL? WHEN? AT ON IN
Otsingusõnadena kasutati järgmised väljendeid · ,,history of building technology" · ,,history of construction technology" · ,,history of building techniques" · ,,history of building methods" · ,,history of construction methods" · ,,traditional building technologies" lisaks neile kasutati otsisõnadeks kitsendatuid ja täpsemaid otsisõnu. Lisati ajaloo etappide nimetusi: ,,ancient rome", ,,middle age", ,,industrial age", ,,in 18 th, 19th, 20th, century". Samuti otsiti infot vastavalt ehitustehnoloogia I kursuse osadele: betoonitööd ("concrete"), müüritööd (,,masonry"), samuti ,,construction machinery", ,,construction equipment". Esimene valik linkidest tehti otsingumootori poolt esitatud paarile lausele toetudes. Lingid, mis paistsid sisaldavat temaatilist materjali, avati. Enamus suleti pealevaadates, teistesse süveneti rohkem (need on ka toodud lisas 2). Leheküljed, milles oli
Lower Town was a merchantile centre, Tallinn also belonged to the Hansaetic League (1285). It is often referred to as the town of citizens. Any grown-up, married and economically independent person, born in a legal marriage between two free people and having lived in the town for at least 3 months, could apply to the Magistracy for citizenship. Serfs could escape from serdom after having successfully hidden in town for a year and a day. Two parts remained separated until the end of the 19th century. Four Names Lyndanise - mentioned by Henricus de Lettis in his Chronicle; derives from the name Linda - the wife of Kalev and mother of Kalevipoeg Koluvan - mentioned in Russian chronicles; derives from the hero Kalev from our national epic Reval - comes from the German words “REH” and “FALL”, meaning the falling of the deer; could be deers trying to escape from the Danes, running down the Toompea hill
1.Common law A common law legal system is a system of law characterized by case law which is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals a common law system is based on legal precedents. The roots of the common law legal systems can be traced back to the first common law system created in England during the Middle Ages. Today, most countries that once had ties to England, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong, to name a few, operate under common law. Aside from Great Britain, the majority of the countries in Europe operate under a version of civil law modeled after the Roman legal system created centuries ago In a common law system, the law is created by precedents set after judges decide actual cases. When a judge hears a case that has a new issue in it, the judge makes a decision regarding the issue in the case. That decision then becomes a precedent that must be followed by o...
twentieth centuries. Race served to distinguish between populations or groups when describing an individual who was of mixed ethnicity or "blood." The term has historically been used to identify people that are now often called `Métis' in Canada. Many people back then considered the `half-breed' to be a degenerate, inferior sort of human. Some of this is related to racial theories of the 19th century that believed each `race' had a distinct origin, and that mixing would lead to serious troubles. That's why it is now considered to be a derogatory term. Métis, on the other hand, is a more general French term for mixed race, which has generally referred to a person of descent from two different major ethnic groups. Contemporary usage of Métis is also different from its historical meaning
A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a novella by Charles Dickens first published on December 19, 1843 with illustrations by John Leech. The story was an instant success, selling over six thousand copies in one week, and the tale has become one of the most popular and enduring Christmas stories of all time. William Makepeace Thackeray William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society. Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta, India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 13 September 1815), held the high rank of secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. William had been sent to England earlier, at the age of five, with a short stopover at St. Helena where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him
won his fight in Britain and then devoted the rest of his life to ban the slave trade throughout the world. Between 1810 and 1820 the Highland Clearances took place in Scotland. Local crofters were forced to live their homelands if they couldn't pay the high rents they had been charged. These lands were given over to flocks of sheep. By the end of the decade the Highlands had become a wilderness. The 19th century was generally a time of great social reform: the slave trade was abolished, the employment of women and children was regulated by laws, primary schools were established and men could no longer be excluded from universities or politics because of their religion. Victorian Britain The Victorian age began in 1837, which lasted until Queen Victoria's death in 1901. The period was dominated by three men her Prince Consort, Albert of Saxe-Coburg
playing in a house situated in the same place and soon became a professional German City Theatre. The famous German writer August von Kotzebue (1761-1819), the life and soul of the theatre, lived in Tallinn for several long periods. (Otto von Kotzebue, the son of August von Kotzebue, accompanied explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern on his Journey around the World of 18031806.) Estonian was heard from a theatre stage for the first time. Early in the 19th century city architect Carl Ludwig Engel (helped rebuild Helsinki and also built the palace at 8 Kohtu Street on Toompea) designed a sumptuous hall for the theatre, but it was destroyed in a fire. Another fire devastated the theatre in 1902, after which it moved out from Old Town. The premises came into the possession of the Puppet Theatre in 1955. In 1991, the whole building was given to the theatre. Renovation works took place in 2001-03. 5 17 Lai Street
The Cabinet meets at the Prime Minister's house 10 Downing Street. Cabinet ministers are responsible to Parlament and may all be questionised and held accountable for governmet actions and decisions. Even the Prime Minister must answer questions every Tuesday and Thursday in the House of Commons. The UK is the fourth largest economy in the World and the second largest in Europe. It is one of the strongest in Europe; inflation, interest rates, and unemployment remain low. During the 19th century Britain used to have many coal and iron mines and had the natural resources to make textiles, steel and ships. Today, coal and textiles can be produced more cheaply in other countries and so many British factories and mines have closed. The natural resources in the UK for example are: coal, ptroleum, natural gas, limestone, salt, iron, etc. Most of the land is suitable for agriculture, although the largest area is reserved for pasture and grazing land.
painting Hunt found a goat near the Dead Sea and studied and painted it for a long time. "The Lady of Shalott" ( 1886 1905)- poem by Tennyson "The Lady of Shalott". (the Lady's "isolation in the tower and her decision to participate in the living world) The painting depicts the moment when the lady decides to rebel and looks out of the window at Sir Lancelot. Her punishment for this will be death. The motivation to create this painting came probably from the fact that the end of the 19th century was the time when suffragettes started their movements and women freedom was a big issue. This painting has been called the last great Pre Raphaelite painting and is indeed one of Hunt`s finest works. John Everett Millais (1826-96) He entered the Royal academy Schools at 11 and was very successful there. He would have probably had a great academic career if he hadn't joined the brotherhood. He wasn't as imaginative as Rossetti and as intellectual as Hunt but he was technically gifted
in the territorial waters of present-day Estonia. The late Russian patriarch, Alexis II, started his priestly ministry in the church. Interior of the Cathedral. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral crowns the hill of Toompea where the Estonian folk hero Kalevipoeg is said to have been buried according to a legend. (There are many such legendary burial places of him in Estonia.) The cathedral was built during the period of late 19th century Russification and was so disliked by many Estonians as a symbol of oppression that the Estonian authorities scheduled the cathedral for demolition in 1924, but the decision was never implemented due to lack of funds and the building's massive construction. As the USSR was officially non-religious, many churches including this cathedral were left to decline. The church has been meticulously restored since Estonia regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. http://en.wikipedia
people imagine." ,,Heaven knows we need never be ashamed of our tears, for they are rain upon the blinding dust of earth, overlying our hard hearts." Jane Austen 1775 1817 Had a great home and family English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the nobility, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature Her works represent the transition from romantic literature to 19th century realism Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security Uses witty humor Achieved success with ,,Sense and Sensibility" (1811), ,,Pride and Prejudice" (1813), ,,Mansfield Park" (1814) and ,,Emma" (1816) ,,The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be
Toompea their fortress. In the middle of the 14th century Denmark sold its possessions in Estonia to the German Teutonic Order; Toompea became the seat of German-born gentry. A fortified wall was built between the Toompea (the Upper Town) and the Lower Town (inhabited by people of a lower social standing), as there were conflicts between the two. The doors and the gates of the wall were locked at night, a procedure which carried on until the end of the 19th century. Tallinn joined the German-dominated Hanseatic League in 1285 and became a junction of trade between East and West: furs, honey, leather and seal fat moved west, while salt, cloth, herring and wine moved 'in the opposite direction. As salt was an important trading commodity, Tallinn is said to have been built on it. Its geographical position was very favourable, with its wide bay protected by the two outlying islands
where they remain, there is increased pressure for trade. /5/ 9 Birds of paradise have also been historically traded, especially for their feathers. While West Papuans' use of the birds' feathers in cultural celebrations is part of their tradition, Europe was once the main market for the plumes, to be used for women's hats and accessories. Trade peaked in the late 19th century, when plumes from more than 50,000 birds were exported every year, generally to Paris for capes and hats. /1/ Birds of paradise continue to be smuggled out of Papua Province, Indonesia. The trade in the birds adds to the pressure they already get from continued hunting and the destruction of their habitat by logging, road construction and conversion for human use. Although banned by the Indonesian government since 1990, trading in the feathers of the birds of paradise is still ongoing
He made important contributions to the 85 essays of The Federalist papers, which effectively outlined the Am governmental system and the basic principles of republican theory. Jefferson also wrote the Declaration of Independence (1776), which identifies the moment in which the nation was born, and in stirring language explains the reasons for its birth. In the post-Revolution period the search began for a characteristic Am lit. The most important writers of the early 19th cent were Washington Irving (1783-1859), James Fennimore Cooper (1789-1851) and Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849). Irving's first venture into lit was a collaboration with his brother and a friend on the Salmagundi Papers (1807-1808), a serial publication, later reissued as a book, which depicted life in New York in the first decade of the cent. This was followed by A History of New York (1809), a satirical attack on the upper class old Dutch families of New York.
see a wide horizontal front in a classical style. It is the National Gallery. It has been in this building since 1838 which was built as the National Gallery to house the collection of Old Masters Paintings (38 paintings) offered to the nation by an English Private collector, Sir George Beamount. Today the picture galleries of the National Gallery of Art exhibit works of all the Euro-pean schools of painting, which existed between the 13th and 19th centuries. The most famous works among them are `Venus and Cupid' by Diego Velazquez, `Adoration of the Shepherds' by Nicolas Poussin, `A Woman Bathing' by Harmensz van Rijn Rembrandt, `Lord Heathfield' by Joshua Reynolds, `Mrs Siddons' by Thomas Gainsborough and many others. In 1897 the Tate Gallery was opened to house the more modern British paintings. Most of the National Gallery collections of British paintings were transferred to the Tate, and only a small
canals and railroads. After the "wheat frontier" had passed through an area, more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally took its place. Warmer regions saw plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle. In the early colonial south, raising tobacco and cotton was common, especially through the use of slave labour until the Civil War. In the northeast, slaves were used in agriculture until the early 19th century. In the Midwest, slavery was prohibited by the Freedom Ordinance of 1787. Nowadays less than 2% of the population is engaged in agriculture. Large stretches of level or gently rolling land, especially in the Midwest provide ideal conditions for large-scale agriculture. The farms have narrow specialization, are very well mechanized and have high productivity. Besides providing its own people with food, the US has sent much food to other countries.
military powers. In addition, the Portuguese Empire was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost 600 years, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 and grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states. However, the country's international status was greatly reduced during the 19th century, especially following the Independence of Brazil, its largest colony. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, itself being superseded by the "Estado Novo" authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonia l War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. POPULATION As of 2011, the population of Portugal was 10,562,178, of which 547,733 live in Lisbon, the
destroyed. Arched Bridge Since 1959, at the place where the historical Stone Bridge spanned the banks of the Emajõgi River for more than one and a half centuries, stands the Arched Bridge for pedestrians. Market Bridge (Turu Bridge) The Market Bridge was completed in 2003, and in the same year was voted the ,,act of the year" by the citizens of Tartu. Angel's Bridge on Toome Hill The Angel's Bridge, located on Toome hill, was built in the 19th century and spans Lossi Street. The writing on the bridge, "otium reficit vires" (rest restores strength), invites one to use Toome hill as a place of rejuvenation. The bridge, designed by J.W. Krause, was built in 1814-1816 and replaced an earlier temporary bridge. The bridge was thoroughly renovated in 1913, at which time a bust-portrait of the university's first rector, G. Fr. Parrot, and a dedication text, was placed on the bridge's Toome Hill face (sculptor C. v. Wetter- Rosenthal).
Module 1. Introduction 1)When did the industrial revolution start? 19th century 2)How did the Americans improve the Western European economy? Marshal aid 3)When did world trade start booming before or after 1950? After 3 top exporting continents in the world: Asia 56%, Europe 19%, North America 10%. Area is considered to be the biggest emerging market: The Indian Sub-continent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). Products are exported from … Europe: motor cars, mashinery, chemicals.;Asia: video/audio equipment, clothes, shoes.;
the Kingdom of Hanover, Great Britain and Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland and held that office until the death of Victoria. Queen Victoria was the granddaughter of George III, and was a descendant of most major European royal houses. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover. George I, George II, George III (in the 18th century), George IV, William IV, Victoria (in the 19th century). *Robert Walpole and the Cabinet System He was a British statesman who was the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. Walpole is acknowledged for his influence within the Cabinet. Walpole served during the reigns of George I and George II. He became the sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet. Walpole's influence on the politics of his day was tremendous. The Tories became a minor, insignificant faction, and the Whigs became a dominant and largely unopposed party
For people in England probably the most famous Estonian is associated with sports. The goal keeper of the football club, that is at present on the fourth position in the UK premier league Arsenal is Estonian Mart Poom. Recognition Probably the best recognition for a country is when heads of internationally important countries pay a visit to a country. This year has been quite special for Estonia. Two very important heads of state have visited Estonia. On October 19th and 20th 2006 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II visited Estonia. Her visit marked the climax of the development of friendly relations between the two countries. In November 27 and 28 the President of the Unites States of America had an official visit to Estonia. When the visit of Queen Elizabeth II was more of the friendly visit to the whole nation, the visit of President Georg Bush was a working visit. This was the first time, when the president of USA has ever visited Estonia. The meetings and
he couldn't practice sprint and jumping at the same time. So he should have renounced to follow the footprints of Jesse Owens. Carl is stubborn and in 1982 improves in the long jump (8,76 m) and becomes more constant in 100 m. So in 1983 he was ready to do the general attempts for the Olympic games of the following year. In fact the first edition of the world championship was expected and he qualified for 100 m, 200 m and long jump. He showed all his powerful qualities. On 19th June he runs the semi- final of 200 m in 20"15 s. Then he goes for the long jump. First jump: 8,71 m. Second jump: 8,79 m, leaving at least 20 centimetres before the limit! Carl got dressed again and went away. Two hours later he's ready for the final of 200 m. His acceleration burns the track and, twenty meters far from the goal, raises his arms and greets the spectators. Final time: 19"75!! Journalists, who were astounded, asked him why he didn't try to break the world record
It is 3.9m long, weighs 300 kg and beats every 2 seconds. The clockwork mechanism in a room below weighs 5 tons. · Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. Originally known as, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, forming three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace finally became the official royal palace of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. · Harrods is London's most famous department store, is named after Charles Henry Harrod, who opened a family grocers shop
novel. St Martin´s theatre was built in 1916, Queen´s theatre. "The Phantom of the Opera" is played in Her Majesty´s Theatre since 1986. The name varies according to whether the monarch is male of female. Getlin: "Brighton, A Seaside Resort" Population is 155 919, is on the south coast, there are 2 universities, in 1974 an Eurovision Song Contest was held there. Romans built a villa there in the late first century. Brighton Baths were built in 1769, population grew from 19th century. The Royal Pavilion was used as a hospital. Queen Victoria didn´t like this town. Pavilion has been restored and is opened for visitors. Brighton Pier is an amusement park. West Pier is cut off from the shore since 1975. The concert hall caught fire in 2003. There has been a Brighton Museum, in a house which was built in 1805, since 1902. There is also a Fishing Museum. Brighton Beaches are one of the top 10 in the world. There is a Sea Life Center, the oldest aquarium in the world
Under Swedish rule the University of Tartu was founded in 1632 and also the oldest school working on the same premises was founded in Tallinn (GAG).After the Northern War (1700-1721) Estonia became a province of Russia. During that period the gentry of Baltic-German origin prevailed in Estonia. They kept estates in Estonia until 1919. Under Russian rule the Palace of Kadriorg was built and the park was laid out. The National Awakening in the middle of the 19th century brought rapid advances in the Estonian education system, general living conditions and culture. The national epic "Kalevipoeg" was published, theatre and music societies appeared and the 1st Song Festival was held in Tartu in 1869. Since then the Song Festivals have become a national tradition, being held every 4-5 years. This all lead to Estonia's independence on 24 February 1918. In June 1940 Estonia became a part of the Soviet Union. On 20
an Islamic empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to Central Asia in the east. This new polity soon broke into civil war, and successor states fought each other and outside forces. However, Islam continued to spread into regions like Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. The Islamic civilization was one of the most advanced in the world during the Middle Ages, but was surpassed by Europe with the economic and military growth of the West. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Islamic dynasties such as the Ottomans and 9|Page Mughals fell under the sway of European imperial powers. In the 20th century new religious and political movements and newfound wealth in the Islamic world led to both rebirth and conflict. Rise of the caliphate (632750) Muhammad began preaching Islam at Mecca before migrating to Medina, from where he
The leader of the parliamentary army, Oliver Cromwell, became "Lord Protector" of the republic. The monarchy was restored in 1660, after the death of Cromwell. In the 18th.century Britain expanded its empire in America, in Africa and India. Technological inventions led to the Industrial Revolution. Hundreds of thousands of people moved from rural areas into new towns and cities. London became an important business and trading centre. By the 19th century Britain was a powerful empire with its colonies in Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, India and Africa. Tens of thousands people left Great Britain to settle in these colonies. Government The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as the head of state. The monarch of the UK also serves as head of state of fifteen other Commonwealth countries. The UK has a
A huge, mostly African, slave population grew up around the sugarcane plantations in the 18th cent., when Jamaica was a leading world sugar producer. Freed and escaped slaves, sometimes aided by the maroons (slaves who had escaped to remote areas after Spain lost 3 control of Jamaica), succeeded in organizing frequent uprisings against the European landowners. The sugar industry declined in the 19th cent., partly because of the abolition of slavery in 1833 (effective 1838) and partly because of the elimination in 1846 of the imperial preference tariff for colonial products entering the British market. Economic hardship was the prime motive behind the Morant Bay rebellion by freedmen in 1865. The British ruthlessly quelled the uprising and also forced the frightened legislature to surrender its powers; Jamaica became a crown colony.
Artikkel Artikkel on abisõna, mis kuulub nimisõna juurde. Inglise keeles on kaks artiklit: 1) umbmäärane artikkel umbmäärane artikkel on a, täishäälikuga algava nimisõna ees an 2) Määrav artikkel on the Umbmäärase artikli puudumine võib muuta nimisõna tähendust wood puit a wood mets fire tuli a fire lõke iron raud a iron triikraud He gave me the book. Ta andis mulle selle raamatu. He gave me a book. Ta andis mulle ühe raamatu. Umbmääran artikkel a (an) näitab, et tegemist on ühe asjaga või isikuga. Umbmäärane artikkel on tekkinud arvsõnast one (üks). Seepärast saab umbmäärast artiklit tarvitada ainult ainsus oleva nimisõnaga. Give the child a book. Anna lapsele üks raamat. Umbmäärase artikli tarvitamine elukutusete ja rahvuste puhul. Ainsus: I am a doctor. He i...
" By 1837, the Jackson administration had removed 46,000 Native American people from their land east of the Mississippi, and had secured treaties which led to the removal of a slightly larger number. Most members of the five southeastern nations had been relocated west, opening 25 million acres of land to white settlement and to slavery. Reservations After being forced off their native lands, many American Indians found life to be most difficult. Beginning in the first half of the 19th century, federal policy dictated that certain tribes be confined to fixed land plots to continue their traditional ways of life. Besides the moral issue of depriving a people of life on their historic land, many economic issues plagued the reservation. Nomadic tribes lost their entire means of subsistence by being constricted to a defined area. Farmers found themselves with land unsuitable for agriculture. Many lacked the know-how to implement complex irrigation systems
European powers formulated the conditions of separation in 1831. The Dutch king under pressure from France and Great Britain accepted the stipulations. But when they were later revised by the conference in favor of the Belgians, a Dutch army invaded Belgium and routed the opposing forces. The conditions of separation were again revised and were finally accepted by both countries in 1839. (3) 2.11 The Development of Parliamentary Democracy The second half of the 19th century was marked by a liberalization of the Netherlands government under the impact of the revolutions that had swept Europe during the 1840s. The seeds of reform were contained in the new constitution of 1848, which became the foundation of the present democracy. Under its provisions arbitrary personal rule by the monarch was no longer possible. The members of the first chamber of parliament, who had formerly been
IN Päevaosad in the morning hommikul in the afternoon pärastlõunal in the evening õhtul Aga: at night öösel Kuud in March märtsis Aastaajad in spring kevadel Aastaarvud in 1945 1945. aastal Sajandid in the 19th century 19. sajandil Sõnade LAST, NEXT, THIS ja EVERY ees eessõna reeglina ei kasutata. last week eelmisel nädalal last night eile õhtul next Tuesday järgmisel teisipäeval this morning täna hommikul this year sel aastal every day iga päev 94 KUUL UULAA & KORD KORDA ORDA
England was rich in coal, iron ore and wool, and its aim was to supply two-thirds of the globe with cotton spun, dyed, and woven in the industrial centres of northern England. A vast network of canals was built, supplemented by railways. Telegraph lines, magazines, and newspapers provided people with steady flow of information. England proudly proclaimed itself to be the "Workshop of the World, "a position that the country held until the end of the 19th century when Germany, Japan and United States overtook it. However, working conditions were brutal and unhealthy, safety was disregarded it all left an imprint on workers' life expectancy. For the jobless there were poorhouses and debtors ' prisons the dark side of Dickens' novels. Between the 1770 and 1821, the population of Britain rose from 8.3 million to 14.2 million. London was the largest and richest city in Europe
we call them). Stylistics has no fixed single unit of study. Stylistics studies everything that makes the utterance of the text expressive. STYLISTIC STUDIES Stylistics is regarded as a relatively new branch of philology, yet its roots go back as far as ancient Greece and Rome. In the 18th century there emerged an individualistic psychological view of style and stylistics. According to this view style bears the stamp of individual usage. The late 19th century and early 20th century saw the appearance of the pragmatic approach to stylistics: the tendency to regard stylistics as an applied science. It was believed that the chief aim of the stylistics is to improve the style of the reader, to teach him to express his thoughts better. In the 50s and 60s there was a rapid growth of interest in stylistics. The methods of structural linguistics were most popular in 70s and 80s.
finite reserves of oil, and the effect this would have on a society dependent on it, is a field known as peak oil. Etymology The word "petroleum" comes from Greek: πέτρα (petra) for rock and Greek: ἔλαιον (elaion) for oil. The term was found (in the spelling "petraoleum") in 10th-century Old English sources. It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, also known as Georgius Agricola. In the 19th century, the term "petroleum" was frequently used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as cannel coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; in the United Kingdom, storage (and later transport) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts, from the Petroleum Act 1862 onwards. Composition In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes
Viljandi lossipark. · Park on oma nime saanud ordulossi varemete järgi .(is named after the ruins of the order castle) · Kui linn 19. saj. teisel poolel kasvas, tekkis vajadus puhkeala järele. 1863.a. saadi mõisalt õigus lossimägesid kasutada.(When the town started to grow in the second half of the 19th century the need for a recreational zone arose. In 1863 the right to use the castle hills was received from the manor.) · Kivikindlus endise eestlaste kantsi kohale hakkas kerkima 1224. aastal. Oma täieliku kuju ja suuruse sai linnus 16. sajandi alguseks, olles silmapaistvamaid Eesti ja Läti aladel. · Et linnast Lossimägedesse pääseda, paigutati 1931. aastal Kaevumäelt üle 13 meetri sügavuse kraavi rippsild, mis varem asus Tarvastus. Kaunis vaade avaneb
D., but it was the French who first began to colonize early in the 17th century. This was largely a French country for a century and a half, although New Brunswick and the mainland of Nova Scotia were coded to Britain in 1713. In 1735 a war began between France and England over the fur trade in North America. Since 1759 and on to this day Canada became British. In the middle of the 19th century it seemed practical to unite the colonies into one self- governing country. In 1867 the Dominion of Canada was created - an independent country within the British Empire consisting of 4 provinces: Ontario, New Brunswick, Quebec and Nova Scotia, with the monarch represented in Canada by governor-general. HOW CANADA GOT THE NAME CANADA There have been many theories about the origin of the name Canada but there can be a little doubt that the word is Indian in origin
reference to visual art: The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. James Fenimore Cooper as the creator of the American historical novel. The depiction of the struggle of Native Americans against white colonisers in his Leather Stocking Tales (lecture). The creation of the American national epic in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha. James Fenimore Cooper was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature. He lived most of his life in Cooperstown, New York, established by his father William. Cooper was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church and in his later years contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years but was expelled for misbehavior. Before embarking on his career as a writer he served in the U.S
). On võimalik määrata ainult elektroni leidumise tõenäosuse aatomi ühes või teises piirkonnas. Arvutatakse Schrödingeri võrrandis esinev suurus 2 e. lainefunktsioon4 aatomi erinevate ruumipunktide jaoks: · mida suurem on antud punktis 2 väärtus, seda suurem on tõenäosus, et elektron on end antud punktis ilmutanud · ruumiosa, kus 2 > 0, nim. elektronpilveks · ruumiosa, kus 2 > 0,9, nim. orbitaaliks 1 Juha Ehrlich, October 19th, 2002 a.D. 2 "Kui suudate, kujutage ette...mina ei suuda!", Juha Ehrlich, 19. X. 2002 a. D. 3 võrrand on pikk, siinkohast äratoomist ei vääri - ning ei ole päheõppimiseks 4 lainefunktsiooniks nim. tasapinnalise laine amplituudi A kolmemõõtmelist analoogi. U. Palm, V. Past. Füüsikaline keemia. Tallinn ,"Valgus" 1974 ; lk. 16 CREATED BY: Mihkel Sonn STUD. MED. I
Suppletion Present in languages of different families. Present in Old, Middle and Modern English, though the general tendency is towards more regularity/iconicity so the number of suppletive forms has decreased.In the text: goon to go wenden - to turn Gan was suppletive in Old English, past form: eode.Eode was supplanted by went (past form of wenden) at the end of the Middle English period.To wend has survived in Modern English in phrases such as to wend one's way, we wended homewards (ironic usage). Thus: suppletivity- suppletion different parts of one and the same paradigm come from what were originally different paradigms (different words with close meanings or words in different but close dialects).Suppletion embraces verbs, adjectives, nouns. Be was/were been (Old English beon/wesan) (am, art, is, are); in Old English some suppletive forms were used parallel to one another) Good better best Bad worse worst Much more...
a Chatolic. Fought against Popes and the kings absolute power( Henry VIII). Refused to obey the king as the head of the English church due to that he was sent to the tower and beheaded as a traitor. Lateer decleared as a saint. Literature: Wrote many books "Utopia" 1516 a bit fiction. Political essay that consists of two parts. Written in Latin, after his death translated into many European languages, especially popular in 19th century. The book is authors imiginary conversation with Raphael Hythody who was a traveller. I part describes what R.H. thought of England and points to vices that he had seen. Enclosure and after effects. II part H. visits an unknown land called Utopia and he states that Utopia is an ideal republic because: 1. The Government is elected 2. No private property- everybody gets as much they need 3. Everybody works 4. After work people enjoy music, art and sport. 5
.. IN DURING We use in for longer periods of time We use during + noun to say when something happens in April - in 1986 - in winter - in the 19th century - in the 1970s during the film - during our holiday - during the night - in the morning(s) / in the afternoon(s) / in the evening(s) We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday. I fell asleep during the film.
formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time. In a way it is comparing language to what it was and how it is now. For example comparing 18th century and 19th century Estonian. Linguistic competence → Is a person’s knowledge of how it is correct to speak but he or she is unable to give reasons why this is the right way of speaking. Chomsky says that linguistic competence is an idealized capacity of language. It is the hearers knowledge of his/hers language and it is the ‘mental reality’ which is responsible for all those aspects of language use which can be characterized as ‘linguistic’. Abstract sets of rules that help us to form and
However James Stuart was easily defeated and fled to Rome. During the reign of George III, Britain lost its American colonies and the United States was born. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, ended Napoleon Bonaparte's dream of world dominance in the Battle of Waterloo, Belgium, in 1783. Captain James Cook, a navigator and explorer, changed the map of the world and established footholds for British expansion and empire building during the 18th and 19th centuries. Britain exported coal, cloth, guns and other manufactured products. Imports included cotton, sugar, tobacco and tea. The Victorian Age (1837-1901): This period was dominated by three men her Prince Consort, Albert of Saxe-Coburg, and two outstanding prime ministers, William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli. By the end of her reign the nation was the most powerful in the world. Victoria gave birth to nine children during her 20-
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