1. What were the two institutions that Henry VII establised? Explain. Henry VII established the Court of Star Chamber to make the barons give up their private armies and overall restored finances by collecting taxes. Also Henry VII extended royal control over local government through the local magistrates called justice of peace. 2. What was the idea of the Act of supremacy? With passing the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England and he was now free to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn. 3. Why did Henry VIII get the title Fidei Defensor? The title was given to him by the pope because Henry VIII was against Protestantism and other religious reforms by J. Calvin and M. Luther. For that, the pope named Henry VIII the Fidei Defensor, meaning Defender of the Faith 4. Why did Mary I get the nickname Bloody Mary? Because during her reign, England became official...
Homereading 4 Changing world Religions Islam Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission", or the total surrender of oneself to God An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning "one who submits (to God)". There are between 1.1 billion and 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the secondlargest religion in the world, after Christianity. Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam.They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Islamic tradition holds t...
Enlightenment Kristiina Rooma Henri Zirnask Alvar Käen Overall The Enlightenment is commonly dated to the middle of the eighteenth century. The European Enlightenment developed in part due to an energetic group of French thinkers who thrived in the middle of the eighteenth century. They were called : "The Philosophes" John Locke August 29, 1632 October 28, 1704 . English philosopher. One of the most influential Enlightenment thinker. Believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish. Believed that all people were equal. Jean-Jacques Rousseau June 28, 1712 July 2, 1778 . Philosopher, literary figure, and composer of the Enlightenment... Saw a fundamental divide between society and human nature . François-Marie Arouet 21 November 1694 30 May 1778 . Known as "Voltaire" French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher...
Term paper Tennis Karin Visnapuu 10B I decided to make this term about tennis, because I enjoy playing tennis. I have played it for two years. It's not long time but I have learned lots of skills during that time. Tennis is a sport played between two players or between two teams of two players each. Each player has a racket. Tennis is played with a tennis-ball. At first, the ball was white but in the later part of the 20th century it was changed to yellow to allow improved visibility. The modern game of tennis originated in the United Kingdom in ...
Ireland Position Ireland is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of Continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands. To the east of Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain. Politically, the Republic of Ireland (also known simply as Ireland) covers five sixths of the island, with Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, covering the remainder in the northeast. Climate Overall, Ireland has a mild, but changeable, Oceanic climate with few extremes. The warmest recorded air temperature was 33.3 °C at Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny on 26 June 1887, where as the lowest recorded temperature was 19.1 °C at Markree Castle, County Sligo on 16 January 1881. Inland areas are warmer in summer, and colder in winter there are usually around 40 days of below freezing temperatur...
London London is the capital of Great Britian. London is the second biggest city in europe after Moscow, second biggest portcity after Rotterdam and one of the most important financial and trading citys in the world. It also a biggest media capital in the world, such as BBC, CNN, ITN and so on. London was built by the romans, side of the river Thames about 2000 years ago. From the first to fith century the city was the center of the romans premises. In the dark ages the city was abandoned. London was recreated by Alfred The Great in the year 886. In the twelth century London became capital of England. From 17. 20. Century London was one of the worlds most important city. The city was havoced by the 1665- plague and 1666 the great fire. London is seperated to 33 boroughs. Londonds council has 25 seatings. The mayor of London is Ken Livingstone. The mayors main assignment is repre...
KUNST, KIRJANDUS JA ARHITEKTUUR 20. SAJANDIL Nimi Kool Klass 2014 Olulised tegurid 20. sajandil Teaduse areng Globaliseerumine Sõjad Psühholoogia Rahvuslus Filosoofia Kadunud põlvkond Massikultuur KUNST Fovism Suprematism & Ekspressionism konstruktivism Dadaism Abstraktne kunst Sürrealism Kubism Popkunst Futurism Kunstnikud Henri Matisse Kazimir Malevich Edvard Munch Tristan Tzara Franz Marc Max Ernst Georges Braque Salvador Dali Pablo Picasso Joan Miro Umberto Boccioni Dali ...
The Foundation of Estonia Estonia The history of Estonia The history of Estonia is a part of the history of Europe. Estonia was settled near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before the Germans invaded in the 13th century proto-Estonians of the Ancient Estonia worshipped the spirits of nature. Since the Northern Crusades Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West. Being conquered by Danes and Germans in 1227, Estonia was ruled initially by Denmark in the north, by the Livonian Order, an autonomous part of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and Baltic German ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1418–1562 the whole of Estonia was part of the Livonian Confederation. A...
Pikk Hermann Pikk Hermann is a tower of the Toompea Castle, on Toompea hill in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. The first part was built 1360-1370. It was rebuilt 16th century. A staircase with 215 steps leads to the top of the tower. The Niguliste church The Niguliste church dates back to the 13th century, tough most of the present structure is 200 years later than that. The curch is also used for concerts and organ recitals and has fine accoustics. Alexander Nevski Cathedral The buildings belltowers host a total of 11 belss the largest of wich weighs 15 tonnes. One of the most spectacular seights in the old town of Tallinn is the Alexander Nevski Cathedral's interior. The Pühavaimu church The tower bell of Pühavaimu church, made in 1433, is the oldest in Estonia. And the painted clock...
NATIONAL SYMBOLS ` FLAG · The Saltire or St. Andrew's Cross · from the 12 th century · blue background over which is placed a white representation of an X-shaped cross · 'Royal Flag' of Scotland or the 'Rampant Lion' · red lion on a gold field · Scottish monarchs or government officials · by William the Lyon in 1165 FLOWER · thistle · prickly-leaved purple flower · 15th century · symbol of defence · Scottish Bluebell FLOWER OF SCOTLAND · there is no official National anthem of Scotland · Scottish song, used frequently at special occasions and sporting events. · written by Roy Williamson · presented in 1967 · refers to the victory of the Scots Robert the Bruce NATIONAL DAY · St Andrew's Day · St Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland · 30 November · In 2006- an official bank holiday REFERENCES · http://www.wor...
1. Feminism movement, ideology to defend women’s rights Suffrage – right to vote 2. Feminism isn’t a unitary movement because it represents different women and different experiences for them in different parts of the world. Different ideologies 3. Three waves of feminism • 1st wave – early 19th century – early 20th century (Political rights, suffrageright to vote) • 2nd wave – 1960s1980s (Social inequalities, gender norms, Women's Liberation Movement) • 3rd wave – 1990s2000s (ideas are the same, but they wanted to get rid of things the second wave had failed to do); feminisms, expansion, multiplicity, postcolonialism. 4. Anne Bradstreet the first feminist 17th century; the most prominent of early English poets of North America and first female writer in the British North American colonies to be published Mary Wollstonecraft education; an eighteenthcentury English wr...
Author: Stefani Kask Instructor: Ursula Paavel 10.A class Pirita MG. Muhammad Ali Who was he? Muhammed Ali was an American boxer near the middel of the 20th century. He is rated at Heavyweight. He is 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) tall. Birth date: January 17, 1942 (1942-01-17) (age 68) Birth place: Louisville, Kentucky, United States Picture of him When he was young when he already retired Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is a former American boxer and three-time World Heavyweight Champion, who is widely considered one of the greatest heavyweight championship boxers of all time. As an amateur, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. After turning professional, he went on to become the first boxer to win the lineal heavyweight championship three times. Why such a name? Originally known as Cassius Clay, Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam...
TOOMPEA CASTLE Toompea Castle is a castle on Toompea hill Perched on a limestone cliff and towering over the rest of the city Time has been generous to Toompea castle -the well-protected fortress has been almost impregnable Location History Story of rulers and power in Estonia As times and rulers changed so did power and mentalities Today, we can find here buildings mostly dating from 3 periods: - the medieval order's stronghold with its impressive western wall and towers - the Russian-era government administration building with a facade representing classical styles and opening onto Castle Square - the building of the Riigikogu, which originates from the time of the First Republic of Estonia and is hidden behind the walls of the castle. Beginning Old legend - the hill of Toompea was heaped up, stone by stone, by Linda T...
For over three centuries Western Europe was raided by the Vikings. The Vikings who had settled down in England had mixed with the Anglo-Saxons. They lived under the rule of the English kings. In the 9th century a territory in northern France was conquered by another branch of the Vikings. That territory was called Normandy. They took over the French coustoms,traditions and language. The Normans lived under the rule of their own duke. By the 11th century the dukes of Normandy had become very powerful. Altought the kinf of France was their lord, they were very independent. William was the Duke of Normandy when the English king Edwar died. William had promised him that he'll be the next king. But there was another relative , Harold, who wanted to be king too. William wanted to start a war. Knights from all over the France were invited to his army.Harold was killed in the battle and the English were defeated. The Battle of Hastings was the ...
GREAT BRITAIN Anton Zatkin 9.c Tallinna Reaalkool GENERAL INFORMATION · Population of about 60 million people · Politically: England, Scotland and Wales. · Area: 229,848 km2 · Ninth largest island in the world. · Third most populous in the world. TERMINOLOGY · First name ever: Albion · Britannia or Brittnia, the land of the Britons · Geoffrey of Monmouth: Britannia major, Britannia minor · Britain: United Kingdom · Internet domains: .uk/.gb BIODIVERSITY · Early industrialisation and urbanisation. · 100 species in 20th century · Important wintering host for birds · Large mammals extinct · 3,354 plant species · Fortingwall Y ew · Trees up to 65 metres RELIGION · Christianity: · Anglicanism · Roman Catholic Church · Patron Saint: Saint Alban · The Jews expelled from England in 1290 but allowed to return in 1656 Cantenbu...
The Renaissance Between 14th and 16th century in Europe From French word rebirth It was an age of growth in Europe. New, powerful city states emerged. A new middle class had more and more money to spend. Great artists, writers and thinkers lived during this time. During the Middle Ages many people who lived in the countryside worked on the land that they got from the noblemen. In return, they were protected by them Between the middle and the end of the 14th century, the plague, also called "Black Death" killed almost half of Europe's population. It spread most rapidly in the larger cities where many people lived. This led to economic depression. When the plague slowly decreased in the 15th century, the population in Europe began to grow. A new middle class emerged --bankers, merchants and trades people had a new market for their services. People became wealthier and had more than enough money to spend. They bega...
TOOMPEA Toompea (from German Domberg – Cathedral Hill ) is a limestone hill with an area of about 7 hectares in the central part of Tallinn. It towers about 30-40 m above the surrounding areas. According to the legend it´s the tumulus mound over the grave of the national hero Kalev, erected stone by stone in his memory by his grieving wife Linda. It is the birthplace of Tallinn - a place where in 1229 the Knights of the Sword built a fortress instead of the wooden Estonian stronghold. Toompea Castle is also one of the most potent symbols of the reigning power. Today Toompea is the seat of the Government of Estonia as well as the Riigikogu, both of which are often simply colloquially referred to as Toompea. For centuries there was only one access to Toompea - Pikk Jalg - but there is also another way leading up to Toompea - Lühike Jalg, which was made in the 14th century. At present Pikk Jalg and Lühike Jalg are used only by pedestri...
Estonian history between 1710-1850 and 1850-1918 Contents Contents.................................................................................................................................. 2 17101850.............................................................................................................................. 3 Population and social structure........................................................................................ 4 Serfdom and the intensifying manorial economy ............................................................. 4 Influences of Pietism and the Moravian Brethren............................................................. 5 Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism...................................................................... 6 18501918.......................................................................................................................
The town hall pharmacy is located in the centre of Tallinn, opposite the Town Hall. It is one of the oldest continuesly running pharmasies in Europe. It has been in buisiness from the 15. century. It´s also the oldest commercial enterprice and medical establishment in Tallinn. It´s not known how old exactly the pharmacy is. Some say it was in 1415, when it opened, some say it was 1422. The first chemist was Johann Molner. It´s known that medicine were being sold at the end of 15th century. The bUtchard family ran the pharmacy for 10 generations, almost 325 years. When The last buchart died, the pharmacy was sold to C.R. Lehbert.Presently the main part of the pharmacy is located on the first floor and sells most modern medicines.There is an antiques shop on the ground floor and in 1999 a garlic restaurant called "Balthasar" was opened on the second floor.Near the modern pharmacy on the first floor there is a small museum displaying old m...
Võisiku manor Aliis Uudelt TPL 2012 Jõgeva county First mention in 1558 1750 Heinrich von Fick Since the second half of 18th century to 1830 von Bocks von Manteuffels, von Samson-Himmelstjernas and von zur Mühlens Dispossession in 1919 Originally 52 buildings The main building The 1750s One-storey Stone-made Protruding flanks Porch 19th century Since 1925 nursing home Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Shed Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Distillery & Water-mill Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level ...
1: When was London founded, and by whom? London, England was founded in A.D. 43 by the Romans 2: What was its original name? Londinium 3: What happened to London in 61 AD? 61 AD Boadicea, the queen of a tribe of Britons, led a rebellion against the Romans 4: What was the population of London in the second century AD? Around 60,000 5: What happened in 851 AD? 6: What did Alfred the Great do? He defended Anglo-Saxon England from Viking raids, formulated a code of laws, and fostered a rebirth of religious and scholarly activity. His reign exhibits military skill and innovation, sound governance and the ability to inspire men and plan for the future, piety and a practical commitment to the support of religion, personal scholarship and the promotion of education. 7: What did Ethelred do at London Bridge? King Ethelred burnt down the bridge to split apart the invading forces of the Dane Svein Haraldsson 8: Who controlled London from 101...
Kuressaare Castle The convent building of Kuressaare castle is the only medieval fortification in the Baltic States that has not undergone considerable alterations and due to that is an internationally important architectural monument. This castle is built of limestone. The roof is made of red stone. The construction of the stronghold was closely connected with the Estonians fight against the German feudals. The first documented data about Kuressaare castle originate only from 1380s. Kuressaare castle remained the residence for the bishops of Saare-Lääne Bishopric until the beginning of the Livonian War. At the end of the XIV and the beginning of the XV century the castle was surrounded by a new mighty 625 m long and 7 m high belt of walls, erected around the old belt of walls dating from the XIII century. The necessity to improve the defence of the castle was due to the invention and usage of firearms. The old parts of the walls ...
St. James Park History St James’s Park is the oldest Royal Park in London. On James I's accession to the throne in 1603, he ordered that the park be drained and landscaped, and kept exotic animals in the park, includingcamels, crocodiles, and an elephant, as well as aviaries of exotic birds along the south. Charles II opened the park to the public, as well as using the area to entertain guests. On his desire had the park redesigned in a more formal style, probably by the French landscaper André Mollet. At the end of the 17th century and early 18th century were the cows in the park and could to buy fresh milk in "Lactarian". Location: The park is located in central London. This is 23 hectare large. St. James's Park is surrounded by Buckingham Palace to the west, The Mall and St. James's Palace to the North, Horse Guards to the east, and Birdcage Walk to the south. The park has a small lake, St. Jam...
The Old Town (The Dome Hill) Kelly Pärkman 10a Tallinn Lillekyla Gymnasium Table of Contents Tallinn Toompea Castle Tall Hermann's Tower Cathedral of Saint Mary the Virgin Danish King's Garden The House of the Estonian Knighthood Maiden Tower References Tallinn The centre of Tallinn Dome Hill The lower town Toompea Castle Location Built in the 13th to the 14th centuries Wooden fortress The building of the Riigikogu Several parts Tall Hermann's Tower Location 14th century The name of the tower The Estonian flag Cathedral of Saint Mary the Virgin Location Lutheran church 1219 1233 ...
National Gallery Kristine Davõdov Tallinna Lilleküla Gümnaasium Table of contents Introduction History The building Collection Conclusion References Introduction I chose this topic, because I'm interested in art. So, I hoped, that I'll find some interesting facts about it. Also National Gallery is very famous sight in London, and I've heard about it several times. History Established in 1824 John Julius Angerstein Angerstain's house at Pall Mall Building in Trafalgar Square - 1838 First director Charles Lock Eastlake The building William Wilkins architect New house in Trafalgar Square was opened in 1838. The place was chosen, because this is the crossroad of London. It has been altered several times - Sainsbury Wing Collection Over 2300 paintings Date from the 13th ...
The Venice Carnival The carnival takes place in Venice, Italy at the beginning of S. Stefano Day on 26th December and ends at the beginning of Lent. In the old days in the 14th and 15th century it took place so the local venice people could earn money and have a fun time during the carnival. The origin dates back to 14th century. During those years the first laws made by the Serenissima was that masks cannot be used around the city at night. The meaning for the people was that all the people were at the same level, because no differentation could be made between nobilty and the common people. The carnival don't have much preporations, the only preporations were made by the local people who prepeared their restaurants, theaters and ohter things for the carnival. Overall the Venice carnival is a mask carnival where people have lots of fun and spend their time in the fine and good Venice atmosphere. In...
Wooden roofs Marger Krumm EH1 Roofs · Shingle roof · Shake roof · Chip roof · Board roof Shingle roof · It comes from Estonia 19.century · Made by softwood (one shingle is 62 cm) · The roof comprises two layers of shingle 2 different installation Fish-tail Perpendicular to the eaves · Lasts 60-80 years if you maintanance the roof. Shake roof · Very old history · Made by pine, spruce and aspen. · Size: 80mm broad, 3mm thick from the top and 15 mm thick from the bottom, the lenght is different. · Different styles ( sharp, rounded and slanting ends ) · Lasts 30 years. · The slope of the roof must be at least 25° Chip roof · Its comes from in Estonia 18. century · Mades by spruce and aspen · Sizes: 500mm tall, 5-7 mm thick and width is variable · 3 layers of chips · Average life is 10 years · The slope should be 20...
The United States of America. History. For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. There lived only the native people, who had come from Siberia many thousand years ago by a land bridge. They had spread over the country, varying enormously from nomadic food gatherers to fishing societies. Then the Vikings visited Canada around AD 1000, but they did not stay. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America while trying to reach India. He named the native people Indians, because he though he had reached India. He didn't stay either and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. They didn't have good relations with the Indians and many of them died. But Pocahontas, the daughter of an Indian chief, became their friend and helped them....
1. Fat Margareta - 16. Cent. Tallinn's most impressive defensive structures, the Great Coastal Gate (Suur Rannavärav) and Fat Margaret's Tower. They were built not only to defend the city from the seaward side of town, but also to impress any visitors arriving via the harbour. Fat Margareta used to be a prison. It is a town wall's building. Now it's home to the Estonian Maritime Museum, which provides a detailed look at the nation's seafaring past. 2. The Great Coastal Gate - with the Viru Gates, are the last of six gates that controlled access to the town in Medieval times. 3. Kolm Õde - a hotel. In 2003, three of Tallinn's splendid merchant houses, built in 1362, were renovated and united to create The Three Sisters, which now offers modern amenities with great design and a backdrop of medieval history. 4. Oleviste church baptism. Believed to have been built in the 12th century a...
LONDON HISTORY PERIOD EVENTS PEOPLE The Celtic period (400 BC Name: Celtic words (Llyn (a lake) + AD 43) Dun (a fort or strong place) ) Not important The Roman occupation (AD 43 Londinium not important Boadicea a revolt against - AD 410) politically. An important trading the Roman conquest centre. Devastation AD 61. Rebuilt. Roman walls built in AD 200. Anglo Saxons (AD 400 Destroyed the Roman towns. Many 1066) kingdoms. London in ruins. King Egbert one Flourishing. Attacks by Vikings. kingdom England (the 9th ...
TALLINN History Tallinn is one of the oldest cities in the Baltic Sea region. Tallinn was first mentioned in written sources of the 1154th, when the Arabian geographer Al Idris took a world map the city 'Kaleveny "/ Kolõvan. Through the years, the city of Tallinn had several names: Lindanisa, Kolõvan, Reval and eventually Tallinn. Tallinn was granted the Lübeck law in 1248 and became the member of the Hanseatic League in 1285. General Data l Country - Estonia l County - Harju County l First appeared on map - 1154 l Town rights - 1248 l Mayor - Edgar Savisaar l Aera - Total 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) l Population - (1 Mar 2012) Total - 416,470 Denisty - 2,614.0/km2(6,766.6/sq mi) Tallinn Coat of arms Flag Top 5 Attractions 1. Kiek in de Kök Visitors to the museum will see examples of Medieval firepower, displays detailing how the city's system of walls and towers devel...
16. Britain in WW I Causes of WWI: Mutual defence alliances (if one country was attacked then allies would rush to help and it snowballed into a war between many countries) o The alliances at the time were: o Russia and Serbia o Germany and Austria-Hungary o France and Russia o Britain and France and Belgium o Japan and Britain Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia got involved to defend Serbia. Germany seeing Russia mobilizing, declared war on Russia. France was then drawn in against Germany and Austria- Hungary. Germany attacked France through Belgium pulling Britain into war. Then Japan entered the war. Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies. Imperialism: empires got bigger and with that the competition between the empires grew. Everyone wanted more ar...
Sculptures and monuments St. John's Lutheran Church St John's Church was probably built in the first third of the 14th century. There is no other brick church decorated with so much terracotta plastic in Europe Eduard Tubin Monument The Eduard Tubin monument, marking the 100th birthday of the composer, was dedicated in 2005. The authors of the statue are sculptor Aili Vahtrapuu, architect Veronika Valk, with sound installations by Louis Dandrel.Eduard Tubin (1905-1982) was a versatile composer and conductor, one of the most recognized symphonists throughout history. He served as concert master and conductor at the Vanemuise Theatre. In 1944, when the theatre was destroyed, he left Estonia to Sweden. Monument to Gustav II Adolf In 1632, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, then at the war camp near Nürnburg, signed the charter to found Tartu University, which was also named Academia Gustaviana in his honour....
Islam Assemblers: ********and ******* ************** 8a form 2011.a Table of contents · Introduction · Muhammad · Angels · Five Pillars · Golden Age · Prophets · Family Life · Modern times Intoduction For other meanings, including people named 'Islam', see Islam (disambiguation). Islam is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur'an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God (Allah), and the teachings and normative example of Muhammad, often considered by the adherents of Islam as the last Prophet of God. In addition to referring to the religion itself, the word Islam means 'submission to God, 'peace', and 'way to peace'. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable. Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal...
Old Market square (Vanaturg) is the former market square in Tallinn old town. Five streets meet here: Vene, Viru, Suur Karja and Kuninga streets, and Vana Turu Kael sidestreet. The market location perfectly suited for trade: five trade routes started there. The square is connected to Town Hall Square by a short sidestreet. Town Hall Square Was used as marketing place, for festivities as well as for executions. In summer it is filled with outdoors cafes In winter it becames a magical christmas market The L-shaped sigh There has been a town hall in Tallinn since at least 1322. Town Hall Built in 13th century The management of the city worked in the Town Hall until the year 1970 The only gothic town hall on Northern Europe Weathervane Old Thomas The height of the towe is 64 metres Town Hall pharmacy Is one of the oldest working pharmacies in Europe and...
Foreword Bridging rivers, gorges, narrows, straits, and valleys always has played an important role in the history of human settlement. Since ancient times, bridges have been the most visible testimony of the noble craft of engineers. A bridge can be defined in many ways, but Andrea Palladio, the great 16th century Italian architect and engineer, hit on the essence of bridge building when he said "...bridges should befit the spirit of the community by exhibiting commodiousness, firmness, and delight." In more practical terms, he went on to explain that the way to avoid having the bridge carried away by the violence of water was to make the bridge without fixing any posts in the water. Since the beginning of time, the goal of bridge builders has been to create as wide a span as possible which is commodious, firm, and occasionally delightful. Spanning greater distances is a distinct measure ...
Dear Meg Thanks a lot for your letter. It was so interesting to hear about English traditions. I wrote about an Estonian holiday. Halloween, or Hallowe'en, is a holiday celebrated on the night of October 31.Halloween activities include trick-or-treating, ghost tours, bonfires, costume parties, visiting "haunted houses" and carving jack-o-lanterns. The term Halloweenis shortened from All-hallow-even, as it is the eve of "All Hallows' Day", which is now also known as All Saints' Day. Irish and Scottish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Other western countries embraced the holiday in the late twentieth century. Halloween is celebrated in several parts of the Western world, most commonly in Ireland, the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom and occasionally in parts of Australia and New Zealand. The symbols are pumpkin, mythical monsters, black cats, scare...
PIRACY Life of the 21th century is getting more and more expensive. People can't afford themselves that kind of entertainment that they did at the end of 20th century. Because of that there are a lot of piracy in that world and I think that it is one of the biggest crime of nowadays technological ear. Piracy is a form of theft. Morden technology has made wide-scale trading of music possible in the form of MP3 files available over the internet for free, all at the click of a mouse. We have to consider that not everything on the internet is legal. Sharing and downloading music and films is most of the time illegal, but everyone thinks that ,,if everyone is doing it and not getting in trouble, then it must be ok." Some of people thinks that illegal file sharing even helps the music industry. Before you are downloading or sharing some files that you don't own, you should fi...
Broadway Broadway is a road in the USA of New York. Perhaps best known for the portion that runs through the borough of Manhattan in New York City, it actually runs 21 km through Manhattan and 3.2 km through the Bronx, exiting north from the city to run an additional 29 km through the municipalities of Yonkers, Hasting- On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington and Tarrytown and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow in Westchester County. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement. The name Broadway is the English literal translation of the Dutch name, Breede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry. Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. This trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. ...
Project ESTONIA MAP OF ESTONIA Southern Viljandimaa The southern part of Viljandi county catches the eye with its sublime scenery. The area today lies in the very heart of the historical Mulgimaa the home of hills, deep valleys and lakes brought together by a beauty spot Halliste primeval valley. According to several folk tales, it is also in these valleys, woods and bogs that Old Nick found refuge.The great variety displayed in the nature is also reflected in the local cultural heritage. At the beginning of the 19th century growing linen spread and became the basis of the legendary wealth of Mulgi farms. The ancient barn-dwellings and decaying manor houses are the mute witnesses of those times. The riches and cultural heritage of Mulgimaa owe to the diligence and tenacity of the local people. Village handicraftsmen and masters have always been honoured. Mulgikapsad (stewed sauerkraut with barley gro...
The county of Saaremaa Siiri Tabri Kaia Vask Saaremaa - an exciting island Saaremaa - the biggest island of Estonia is known as a good recreation place with unique nature and a lot of sights. Saaremaa has retained its uniqueness due to its location and insulation. Junipers, dolomite, windmills and the famous local home- brewed beer are considered the symbols of Saaremaa. Rich nature. Because of its mild maritime climate and soil rich in lime, Saaremaa has very rich flora and fauna. In Saaremaa a great number of Roman snails, rare butterflies and beautiful orchids can be found. Each year hundreds of thousands of migratory birds visit Saaremaa and a great number of them are under protection, e.g. barnacle goose and mute swan. Besides Viidumae and Vilsandi Nature Reserves, there are over two hundred single nature objects under protection - parks,...
English a global language Aleksander 10B This essay explores British and English history and its influence to the world. English is spoken all around the world. We can even say that it is a international language. It begun when Great Britain started founding colonies. Empire growed from the 17'th century up to 1920's. It was said that the sun never sets on British empire. It had expanded all over the world. In the colonies, English started to change, it had spread all around the world, just like the empire. It was leading country in the world for a very long time. It had strong economy and the strongest navy that any one had ever seen, so it was till the world wars. The British Isles, because of their good geographical position have been conqured only twice. And both occasions had a great influence...
Was the British Empire a good thing that enlarged the world creating possibilities for everyone or was it just a way for some to gain power and wealth? How is the modern-day Commonwealth different? The British Empire used to be one of the largest and wealthiest empires in the world. Its prosperity started at the early 1600s and reached its high peak at the end of the World War I. The Empire faded into the Commonwealth at the end of 1930s as one colony after another gained its independence. After studying the topic I would say that it cannot be said whether the British Empire was a very good or a very bad thing. Of course any kind of oppression should not be approved of and actually the Empire and native British forced on their way of life and culture to the colonies. On the other hand the Empire also helped its subjects to develop in a positive sense. In overall Britain ruled several parts of the world, like India, parts of Africa, ...
SCOTLAND Sandra Järvala GEOGRAPHY & POPULATION · Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and coers the northern third of the Island of Great Britain. · The Scotland capital city is Edinburgh. MAJOR CITIES · The largest city is Glasgow. Glasgow has a population of 598,830. The city has an area of 175.5 km ². · Aberdeen, Dundee, Paisley, East Kilbride and Livingston are are also large cities. · There is a Glasgow bus tours for tourists SCOTLAND FLAG · The Flag of Scotland, also known as Saint Andrew's Cross or the Saltire, is the national flag of Scotland. · Scottish flag is blue · On the flag is a white X-shaped cross. NATIONAL SYMBOLS · The national flower of Scotland is the thistle. · Scotland's national animal is the unicorn. · The Scots Pine is the national tree of Scotland. · Scotland's national bird is the golden eagle. HERALDRY · The Royal Arms of Scotland is a coat of arms symbolising S...
History of Scotland Karoliina Grentsmann, Katri Hendrikson Viljandi Gümnaasium I VÕ Picts Ancient people Ancient eastern and northern Scotland Extinct Pictish language Art appears on stones Pictish Stones Monumental stelae Remaining evidence of the Picts From the 6th to 9th centuries The purpose of the stones Original sites Wars of Independence The First War 12961328 The Second War 13321357 Between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England Great national crisis Independent nation Union with England 18th century Political union between Scotland and England Treaty of Union It replaced the Scottish systems of currency First World War In 19141918 Provided manpower, ships, machinery, food etc Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war The Battle of Loos They made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces Second World War In 19391945 Shipy...
Australia Australia is sometimes called the land " ..............." because it appears at the bottom of world maps. Aborigines had live in ................. for about 40, 000 years when Dutch ......... explorers reached it in the 17th century. The Dutch was ................ by Captain James Cook, exploring the .............. and southern coastlines in the ............ century. Today the population of ................. is more than 21 million. Australian .............. has it own accent and vocabulary, and it is the ............ language of the population. Sydney, with a ................. of 4 million, and ................... , with 3 million people, are the largest ............. in Australia. The beautiful building of the .............. Opera House is often seen in ........... and it has become one of the most .............. symbols of Australia. Canberra, the ............ of Australia, i...
Michael Jackson Merili Kallaste Picture:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg Profile Real name: Michael Joseph Jackson, also known as Michael Joe Jackson. Stage name: Michael Jackson, King of Pop Profession He was an American recording artist, actor, producer, dancer, businessman, and philanthropist. Background Born in 29 August 1958 in Gary, Indiana. The eighth child of the Jackson family. First marriage: Jackson proposed to Presley. The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement. Second marriage: Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe. The couple divorced in 1999. 3 children Career He debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964. He began his solo career in 1971. Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best- selling album of all time. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been induct...
ISLAM Deivid Armulik Kadrina Secondary School 2016 GENERAL INFORMATION Muslim (Moslem) Quran Allah Second-largest Fastest-growing religion 1.7 billion followers 23% of the global population HISTORY 7th century Originated in Mecca Spread in the Arabian peninsula Prophet Muhammad Islamic Golden Age (8th – 13th century) DENOMINATIONS SUNNI Largest, 75-90% of population Caliph should be elected Righteous and acts according to Quran Hadith SHIA Second-largest, 10-20% of population Muhammad appointed his son-in-law as his successor Only descendants could be Imams (leaders) Son-in-law first Imam Rejecting the legitimacy of the previous three Caliphs ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Salafi jihadist militant group Fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctorine 1999 50000 – 260000 Videos of b...
events. Founded a printing press with his poetry Succeeded in publishing numbers of poems over the next ten years. Novel Life Waverley and other to follow within the first five years all followed Scottish historical setting Always published novels under the name Autho r o f Wave rle y. Many years after he used the name The Wizard o f the No rth When he published ivanhoe he steered away from Scottish history to English romance in 12th -century. Wrote several books which were sympathetic towards J ews. He was granted title of the baronet, which became Sir Walter Scott. Included little punctuation in his drafts . Famous Works Writing Influence Work is influenced by the 18th century Enlightenment His work is popular throughout Europe during his time period Believed every human was practically decent regardless of class, religion, politics and ancestry Major theme in historical works is tolerance
Estonia Estonia is a small country in Northern Europe with an area of about 45 000 sq km. As a part of the East-European Plain, the country has a rather flat surface. The highest and most diverse region in Estonia is in the south-eastern part of the country. At 318 metres, Suur Munamägi is not only the highest point in Estonia, but of all the Baltic countries. There are about 1500 islands in Estonia, the biggest of which being Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Sixty-four species of mammals have been recorded in Estonia, three of them have been introduced: the racoon dog, the American mink and the muskrat. A couple of species have been re-introduced The European beaver, who was hunted to extinction by the end of the 19th century. A vital population of them now exists in Estonia once again. Another re- introduced species is the red deer. An attempt has been made in Estonia in recent years to disperse the p...
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