the event causing the amnesia. RETROGRADE TRANSPORT – Axonal transport towards the cell body, e.g. transport of molecules of trophic factors taken up at the nerve terminal. It uses neuronal cystoskeleton, i.e. the system of neurotubules and neurofilaments which make a kind of scaffolding inside a neurone. REUPTAKE – A process by which released neurotransmitters are absorbed by the presynaptic (releasing) neurone; it terminates the act of neurotransmission. ROD – A sensory neurone located in the periphery of the retina. It is sensitive to light of low sensitivity and important for night vision. SECOND MESSENGERS – Molecules which are generated in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter to postsynaptic receptors. They signal to the inside of a neurone the event of synaptic neurotransmission; e.g. cyclic AMP (cAMP) and may affect the genetic material of cells leading to long-term alterations of behaviour, such as memory.
potential to provide survival advantages. This evolutionary hypothesis was tested in 37 cultures by sending out questioners. 2) Twin studies (type of correlational studies) compare trait similarities in identical and fraternal twins (Minnesota twin study by Tellegen, Buchard). 3) Experiment: Split-brain experiments by Gazzaniga & Sperry, brain plasticity experiments by Rosenzweig and Bennett. Neurotransmission experiment by Martinez and Kesner. 4) Case studies: Phineas Gage studied by Dr John Harlow and Oliver Sack's study on Dr P. Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the biological level of analysis. Biological researchers often adopt a reductionist approach to the study of human behavior. They work on a micro-level of research, breaking down complex behavior into its smallest parts (e.g. genes, neurotransmitters or proteins). This approach is
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