were the Social Revolutionaries. At first, they had supported the November Revolution. Elections had been held in November 1917 for a new government, the Assembly in which the Bolsheviks had won 175 seats and the Social Revolutionaries 370 seats. However, when it met in 1918, Lenin used the Red Guards to close the Assembly, and killed anybody who objected. The Social Revolutionaries fought back by attacking the Bolshevik government. The Bolsheviks were also opposed by the Mensheviks, who had controlled the Provisional Government, and who they had toppled from control of the Soviets in September, and by the Tsarists, who wanted to rescue Nicholas II and put him back on the throne. Lenin made peace with Germany ,the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in which Russia had lost much of Russia's best agricultural and industrial land to Germany, including Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and the former army officers were angry about this. Also, the Bolshevik
John Adams. (See also Postminimalism). The term "minimalist" is often applied colloquially to designate anything which is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has also been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and even the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The word was first used in English in the early 20th century to describe the Mensheviks. Minimalist design The reconstruction of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's German Pavilion in Barcelona The term minimalism is also used to describe a trend in design and architecture where in the subject is reduced to its necessary elements. Minimalist design has been highly influenced by Japanese traditional design and architecture. In addition, the work of De Stijl artists is a major source of reference for this kind of work. De Stijl expanded the ideas that could be expressed by
1917 to the present. New York: Scribner 8. Pipes, R. (1991). The Russian Revolution. New York: Vintage Books 9. Pipes, R. (1980). The formation of the Soviet Union : communism and nationalism. London: Harvard University Press. 10. Riasanovsky, N.V. (1984). A History of Russia. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11. Rogger, H. (1997). Russia in the age of modernisation and revolution, 1881-1917. London, New York: Longman 12. Volubev, V.O. (1997) The Mensheviks in the Fall of 1917: Decisions and Concequences. Brovkin, V. (toim) The Bolsheviks in Russian society : the revolution and the civil wars. New Haven, London: Yale University Press 12
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