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Unit 4 HEALTH AND CARE 17.conventional medicine n - the usual form of medicine Language Leader Advanced practised in most European and North American countries [= western medicine] tavameditsiin 1. alternative medicine ['meds()n] n - medical 18.cough v - [kf] to suddenly push air out of your throat treatment that is not based on the usual western with a short sound, often repeatedly: Matthew methods: Acupuncture is widely used by practitioners coughed and cleared his throat. köhima of alternative medicine. 19.discharge v - to officially allow someone to leave 2. anonymous ['nnims] adj - unknown by name: Our somewhere, especially the hospital or the army, navy client prefers to remain anonymous. etc, or to tell them that they mu
moral character. ____________________________________________________________________ 18. Legalese Legalese is a way of talking or writing with legal terms in legal professions, but mostly by lawyers. It has specific features which can make it difficult for the nonlawyer to understand. Legalese is quite difficult to understand. For example, legalese uses a lot of lend words, especially from Latin, which are unknown for non-lawyers. People also do not understand specialized words, because they might have completely different meaning. Another downside are the long complex sentences with very little punctuation. Legalese is a way for lawyers to show their competence in legal field which makes them more trustworthy. Using legalese helps to prevent loopholes, because lawyer's drafted documents might be tried to be construed.
First, you liked what they said, and your fondest wish was for them to be true for you. But your second response was probably one of skepticism and disbelief. Even though you deeply xiii ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:23 PM Page xiv xiv ➤ INTRODUCTION desire to live a wonderfully healthy, happy, prosperous life, when you read those words, your doubts and fears arose immediately to remind you of reasons why these dreams and goals may not be pos- sible for you. Well, join the crowd! This is exactly how I felt many years ago. Even though I wanted to be a big success in life, I was unskilled, uneducated, and unem- ployed. I had no idea what I could do to improve my situation. I felt trapped between big ideas on the one hand and limited resources
Judicial – involving a law court Treaty – a written agreement between two or more countries, formally approved and signed by their leaders Court judgment – a decision reached by a judge or a jury Legal writing or legalese can for non-lawyers often be difficult to understand. Legal English differs greatly from standard English in a number of ways. For example a lot of technical and Latin terms are used (e.g. ad hoc), ordinary words are used with specific meanings, punctuation is often absent, use of old-fashioned words (hereafter, herein) There are different kinds of legal writing: for example, academic legal writing as in law journals, juridical legal writing as in court judgments, and legislative legal writing as in laws, regulations, contracts, and treaties. The formal language of legal documents is often difficult for the non-lawyer to understand, because it is characterised by specific features
checklists. The most important thing you can do is to understand the basic principle of eliminating question marks. When you do, you’ll begin to notice all the things that makeyouthink in the sites and appsyouuse. And eventually you’ll learn to recognize and avoid them in the things you’re building. You can’t make everything self-evident Yourgoalshouldbeforeachpageorscreentobeself-evident,sothatjustby lookingatittheaverageuser2willknowwhatitisandhowtouseit.Inother words, they’ll “get it” without having to think aboutit. 2 The actualAverageUser is kept in a hermetically sealed vault at the International Bureau ofStandardsinGeneva.We’llgetaroundtotalkingaboutthebestwaytothinkaboutthe“average user”eventually. Sometimes, though, particularly if you’re doing something original or groundbreaking or something that’s inherently complicated, you have to settle forself-explanatory
2. There are five pictures on the walls. 3. There is a coffee table in the middle of the living room. 4. There are two armchairs in the living room. 5. There are two lamps next to the window. 6. There is a carpet under the coffee table. 7. There is a cupboard in the corner of the living room. 8. There is a sofa next to the window. 9. There is a plant between the armchairs. 10. There is a vase on top of the cupboard. Exercise 4. Learn the following words by heart. A HOUSE block of flats korterelamu French windows/doors klaasuksed, rõduuksed high-rise building/flats kõrghoone door uks bungalow ühekordne eramu wall sein detached house üksikelamu floor põrand, korrus
.............................................................. 5 Names that take the Definite Article...................................... 6 No article.............................................................................. 7 Countable and uncountable nouns ....................................... 9 General Rules There are two articles in the English language – the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article. The Indefinite Article has two forms – a and an (a precedes words beginning with a consonant sound and an precedes words beginning with a vowel sound). It comes from the Old English word ãn, which meant one. The Definite Article is the. It comes from the Old English word ţis, which meant this. Thus, in most general terms, a and an cannot be used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns. Countable nouns are names of the things you can count (one elephant, two elephants, three elephants, etc).
exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen"
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