1. What does the word “ philosophy ” mean ?
The study of proper behaviour and the search for wisdom , in greek means love for wisdom
2. Is philosophy a science ? Why? What kind of science it is?
Yes it is. It tries to understand the meaning of reality. It’s the science of truth . Science, as it exists today , happens within
the framework of philosophy. Philosophy, however, is bigger than science. It is also a form of art and discipline…...
3. Name three characteristics of Classical philosophy?
deeply rooted in religious traditions ; believes that inferior was created by superior ; more positive ; seeks the real truth ;
about intelligence ; reaalsuse üle mõtisklus ; believes that god is truth
4. Name three characteristics of Modern philosophy.
believes that superior was created by inferior (!) ; more negative ; about will ; power ; domain of reality ; believes that
knowledge is truth ; man is god
5. What was the problem that the first philosophers tried to solve?
The problem of motion . (Intemporality) They tried to explain nature.
6. What was the “arché”?
Greek word for the primary sense of origin or beggining
Arche is the element and the first principle of existing things, the source of action .
7. What was the “arché” for Thales ? And for Anaximander?
Thales claimed that the first principle of all things is water
For Anaximander arche did not exist . He proposed the existence of the apeiron, an indefinite substance from which all
things are born and to which all things will return. It was completely indefinite.
8. What was the “arché” for Anaxímenes? And for Pythagoras?
For Anaximenes it was air and for Pythagoras it was numbers.
9. Why are the Pre-Socratic giving real philosophical answers?
They try to give reasons to things and not only unreal mythological explanations.
10. Which were the names of the two ways that the goddess revealed to Parmenides ?
The way of truth and the way of opinion.
11. According to Parmenides, which are the object and the method used to walk the way of the truth?
And for the way of the opinion?
12. Name at least five characteristics of Parmenides’ Entity?
one ; present to the mind ; immovable ; full ; continuos ; unreated
13. According to Parmenides, what is motion and why it is only apparent?
According to Parmenides, motion as we know it, does not exist. Motion is illuminating and darkening. Coming to be is
nothing more than coming to be visible.
14. What is the great philosophical discovery that Parmenides did? What are the contradictions that his discovery
awakens?
He discovered that things are.
The contradiction between oneness and multiplicity.
15. Who were the Sophists?
Sophists taught people how to speak well and how to convince people. They claimed that they were philosophers but
actually they weren’t, because they didn’t care about the truth.
16. Why Sophists were important in the context of Greek incipient democracy?
Because they taught how to speak well and to convince others.
17. Why Sophists are not real philosophers?
Because for them the truth does not matter .
18. Who said the phrase : “man is the measure of all things”? What does this phrase mean?
Protagoras, it means that the individual human being, is the ultimate source of value.
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