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Tallinn Mustamäe College G2K Jaana-Kristiina Jõgevest The Four oldest churches of Tallinn Report Supervisor: Ingrid Teigar Tallinn 2009 The Dome Church The Danes began fortification of Toompea after the conquest of Tallinn in 1219 and probably also built the first church there. It was presumably a wooden building located at the site of the present cathedral. However, a serious conflict with the Order of the Brothers of the Sword broke out soon as the latter wanted to gain control of the entire Estonia. The order succeeded in subordinating Tallinn and the whole of North Estonia to its rule in 1227. The monks of the Dominican Order began the construction of a stone church in Toompea in 1229
The City of London History The City of London occupies one square mile in the middle of the capital. It once made up the entire town of London, surrounded by the wall first built by the Romans. The Roman Londinium grew up on the northern side of the "London Bridge" in the past. Products such as olive oil, wines and fruit were brought by ships from different parts of the Roman Empire and unloaded onto wooden quays along the river. In AD 61 the native Celtic Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against The Romans. They burnt Londinium to the ground but Roman armies eventually defeated Boudicca. The city was rebuilt and was gradually surrounded with a wall of stone and brick which lasted for many centuries. During the archeological excavations in 1954 the Roman Temple of Mithras was revealed. It was a pagan temple dedicated to the Persian Sun-god. The Temple was later reconstructed only a short way from its original site and the relics are display
election of the first Mayor was held. In 1245 Henry III began his lifetime work of rebuilding Westminster Abbey, which was re- consecrated in 1269. An other building project of the medieval period was Old St. Paul's Cathedral which was finished in 1280. Tudor London 1485-1603 When Henry VII took the throne in 1485, the population of the city of London was about 75,000. By 1600 that number had risen to 200,000. London also grew in importance under the Tudor rule. As the Roman Catholic Church didn't give Henry VIII a divorce he wanted, he changed the entire religion of England. He also started to build ships, as Britain's navy expanded and Britain began exploring the world. Henry VIII also united England and Wales. During the reign of Elizabeth I, London was a wealthy and successful city. Culture was very important. London's first theatre " The Theatre" was opened in 1576. To escape censorship by the City's Lord Mayor the Globe and the Rose theatres were rebuilt in
Pikk Hermann is the best-known corner tower among the three surviving ones of Toompea Castle. It is 46 metres high and serves as one of Estonia's landmarks. Tall Hermann was a traditional name given to the main towers of German castles. After the 50-year long Soviet occupation, the Estonian blue-black-white tricolour was once again hoisted on Pikk Hermann on 24 February 1989. The Cathedral of St. Mary the Virgin (Toomkirik or the Dome Church) was consecrated as a single- nave church with a rectangular chancel in 1240, and rebuilt into a Gothic basilica thereafter. The church suffered in the fire of 1684 and was largely reconstructed. A baroque tower was added in the 18th century and the dated weather-vane (1779) crowning the spire is the only original one on Toompea today. The church has a valuable collection of Baltic German noblemen's coats of arms, since it was the Baltic nobility's parish church. Many of them were carved from wood by the famous Tallinn wood
named before the qonquest, marking the destination they finally led, like Harju and Viru Street. Foreigners usually had different names for such streets. The streets were paved since the beginning of the 14th century. Pikk Jalg was among the first to be paved. Town Hall Square got its cover in 1310. There were no streetlights. The houses had no numbers and were known by the owner's name. Churches The Cathedral of St. Mary the Virgin (the Dome Church) was consecrated in 1240. The church suffered in the fire of 1684 and was largely reconstructed. A Baroque tower was added in the 18th century and the dated weather-vane (1779) crowning the spire is the only original one on Toompea today. Among other functions, the church served as a burial ground for the rich and the noble. The church also features grave slabs, an oaken Baroque altar by Christian Ackermann and a number of monuments to famous people (e.g. Pontus de la Gardie. Karl Horn and Admiral Adam Johann Krusenstern)
Estonian sculptors, has been standing for several decades. Lai Street stretches from Nunne Street to Pikk Street. Parallel with Pikk Street, Lai Street, too, ends at the Great Coast Gate (first mentioned 1359). Lai Street is very wide considering that it was laid out in the Middle Ages. This is because it sprang up on both sides of former city wall. Lai is quite a peaceful street with few shops. However, it has three museums and two theatres. The main entrance into St Olaf´s Church also faces the street. Several Lai Street houses have kept their Gothic appearance and even interiors, although we can also notice moderate Nordic Baroque, Neoclassicicm, Historicism and even Art Nouveau. The origin of the name "Lai" Lai Street belongs among the oldest streets of Tallinn. Despite its length and width its share in the city's inner traffic is fairly modest. The extraordinary width of the street is likely due to
Foreword Bridging rivers, gorges, narrows, straits, and valleys always has played an important role in the history of human settlement. Since ancient times, bridges have been the most visible testimony of the noble craft of engineers. A bridge can be defined in many ways, but Andrea Palladio, the great 16th century Italian architect and engineer, hit on the essence of bridge building when he said "...bridges should befit the spirit of the community by exhibiting commodiousness, firmness, and delight." In more practical terms, he went on to explain that the way to avoid having the bridge carried away by the violence of water was to make the bridge without fixing any posts in the water. Since the beginning of time, the goal of bridge builders has been to create as wide a span as possible which is commodious, firm, and occasionally delightful. Spanning greater distances is a distinct measure of engineering prowess. In terms of engineering, b
Field. Henry Tudor was later crowned King Henry VII of England. 14. Henry VIII. 1491-1547. He is famous for his six wives and his ambitions. He was a natural leader but not really interested in the day-to-day running of government and this encouraged the beginnings of a professional bureaucracy. It was during his reign that the reformation took place. When he chose to divorce his first wife, who had not given him a son, he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Parliament’s Act of Supremacy in 1534 made the kind Head of the Church of England, which became Protestant. King Henry VIII held the title Defender of the Faith, which was given to him by the Pope. His daughter Elizabeth I became one of England’s greatest monarchs. 15. Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII, was the first of three long-reigning queens in the British history (the other two are Victoria and Elizabeth II). During her long
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