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v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137 Solenoids 137 Heaters 143 Coolers 148 Fans 149 LEDs 151
Motherboard - the principle printed circuit board assembly in a computer; includes core logic (chipset), interface sockets and/or slots, and input/output (I/O) ports. Printed circuit board (PCB) - a thin, laminated sheet composed of a series of epoxy resin and copper layers and etched electronic circuits (signal, ground and power) Chipset (or core logic) - two or more integrated circuits which control the interfaces between the system processor, RAM, I/O devises, and adapter cards. Processor slot/socket - the slot or socket used to mount the system processor on the motherboard AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port - a high speed interface for video cards; runs at 1X (66MHz), 2X (133MHz), or 4X (266MHz). PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect - a high speed interface for video cards, sound cards, network interface cards, and modems; runs at 33MHz.
The first algorithmic programming language, with an aim of creating the theoretical preconditions for the formulation of problems of a general nature. John von Neumann wrote "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC." Grace Hopper recorded the first actual computer "bug." 1946 In February, the public got its first glimpse of the ENIAC, a machine built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert that improved by 1,000 times on the speed of its contemporaries. Fully programmable (Turing complete) all-electronic computer Initial versions required rewiring to reprogram. Used for ballistic calculations for the military & for calculations for the thermonuclear bomb. START OF PROJECT: 1943 COMPLETED: 1946 PROGRAMMED: plug board and switches SPEED: 5,000 operations per second INPUT/OUTPUT: cards, lights, switches, plugs FLOOR SPACE: 1,000 square feet PROJECT LEADERS: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. 1947
A... AA Auto Answer AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting AAB All-to-All Broadcast AAC Advanced Audio Coding AACS Advanced Access Control System AAL Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaption Layer AAM Automatic Acoustic Management AAP Applications Access Point [DEC] AARP AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AAS All-to-All Scatter AASP ASCII Asynchronous Support Package AAT Average Access Time AATP Authorized Academic Training Program [Microsoft] .ABA Address Book Archive (file name extension) [Palm] ABAP Advanced Business Application Programming [SAP] ABC * Atanasoff-Berry Computer (First digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes) ABEND Abnormal End ABI Application Binary Interface ABIOS Advanced BIOS ABIST Automatic Built-In Self-Test [IBM] ABLE Adaptive Battery Life Extender + Agent Building and Learning Environment [IBM] ABM Asynchronous Balanced Mode ABR Available Bit Rate
oData transparency: In bit and byte oriented protocols, there is a problem if a control character (for ETX (End of Text) ·Same as ETB, only no more blocks will follow. ITB (End of > Differences with HDLC length of protocol field (1B or 2B) byte-oriented protocols) or the start-of-frame flag (for bit-oriented protocols) appears in the actual data
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) binary b) hexadecimal c) base-5 d) BCD === 1. a) 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) 7B.7416 c) 443.2125 d) 0001 0010 0011.0100 0101 01102 === 2. Extend the following unsigned 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 2. a) 006B b) 00B5 === 3. Extend the following signed two’s complement 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185 b) -70 – 88 == 4. Convert back to verify answer == 5. Calculate the following without converting the number base. Show calculations.
the chosen JVM; IBM's implementation exceeded the performance of C++ code compiled with gcc [Ladd 2003]. A detailed comparison of difference versions of Java and other companies' virtual machines and native code compilers can be found in [Doederlein 2002]. An area of Java that is still slow is its GUI API, Swing. GUI components are created and controlled from Java, with little OS support: this increases their portability and makes them more controllable from within a Java program. The downside is speed since Java imposes an extra layer of processing above the OS. This is one reason why some games applications still utilise the original Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) -- it is mostly just simple wrapper methods around OS calls. However, most games do not require complex GUIs: full-screen game play with mouse and keyboard controls are the norm, so GUI speed is less of a factor. Another speed drain is Java's garbage collector, which is run automatically by the
esimene programmeerija: Ada Lovelace Colossus Londonis 1943: saksa allveelaevade salakirja dekodeerimiseks 1800 elektronlampi Ideoloogia ja matemaatika: olulises osas Alan Turing 1936 Turingi masina Claude Shannon MIT, 1938, Shannon’i magistritöö sidus: Boole algebra Elektrilülitid ja -skeemid Bitid ja info kodeerimine Info otsimise algoritmid Konrad Zuse - Programmeeritavate arvutite pioneer saksamaalt.(Z1…) By 1967, the Zuse KG had built a total of 251 computers. First programmable computers 2 nädal: Keskajalugu 1940-1960 ja e-riik. 1947 Transistor - Three elements solid-state device for amplifying, controlling electrical signals. (scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories) 1952 Arthur Samuel - The first AI program to run in the U.S. was also a checkers program 1955 William Shockley founds Shockley Semiconductor in Palo Alto, California 1957 A new language, FORTRAN (short for formula translator), enabled a
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