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conventionally entrenched IR theories as neorealism and neoliberalism, or a "distinctive approach" to international relations that stresses the social, ideational and intersubjective character of world politics. The major thesis of constructivism is that the international system is "socially constructed," that is, it "consists of, "the ways in which human beings think and interact with one another." In contrast to realism, for which international relations are driven by the states' security and material interests defined in terms of power, and to liberal internationalism that concentrates upon the interdependency of international actors and their operation within institutional constraints, constructivism considers international politics as a sphere of interaction which is shaped by the actors' identities and practices and influenced by constantly changing normative institutional structures. For all theories of international relations, the world is in anarchy, and because
It is popularly denoted by concepts such as project management, flat hierarchies, customer orientation, abolition of career civil service, depolitization, total quality management, and contracting-out. NPM comes from Anglo-America, and it was strongly pushed by most of the International Finance Institutions (IFI's) such as the World Bank and the IMF. It originates from the 1980s with their dominance of neo-liberal governments (especially Thatcher and Reagan) and the perceived crisis of the Welfare state, but it came to full fruition in the early 1990s. NPM is part of the neo-classical economic imperialism within the social sciences, i.e. the tendency to approach all questions with neo-classical economic methods. In advanced PA scholarship itself, especially but not only in Europe, NPM is on the defensive by now, if taken as a world view (i.e. an ideology), rather than as one of several useful perspectives for PA reform (i.e. part of a pluralistic approach). The
Secondly, norms are often subject to interpretation and can thus be "bended" in situations by individuals to achieve their goals. For example, even though honesty is a strong norm and lying is seen as discrediting someone's general trustworthiness, individuals still tell white lies, and may often try to get away with minor thefts or bearings of false witness. And there is no punishment if they get away with it. Thirdly, as norms and values may bring out the best in people at times of crisis, they can also disappear, leading to quicker destruction of social order. An example of this would be Leningrad blockade during the Second World War, when many resorted to barbarianism and cannibalism, even though these ideas are strongly against civilized norms. Thus, norms help to contribute to the build-up of societal order, as they are generally beneficial to all individuals. Our values are more personal, but these do are affected by the norms in the societies
1. UN as a world organization The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter had been ratified by a majority of the original 51 Member States. The day is now celebrated each year around the world as United Nations Day. The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems. There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations. The Aims of the United Nations: -To keep peace throughout the world. -To develop friendly relations between nations.
fundamental principles (legally binding). PIL= system of (legally binding) norms and principles, written or customary, regulates the conduct of states and intergovernmental international organizations. Also known as International Law, but called PIL to distinguish from private international law, i.e. solution for conflict of laws. Only intergovernmental organizations are also subject of PIL, non-governmental organizations are not. There can be specific cases of PIL, e.g. nations fighting for their independence. These can be considered to be subjects of PIL. Also, some exceptions: International Committee of Red Cross, formerly it wasn't covered by PIL, but due to its unique status (covered by Geneva conventions etc), then it is a subject of PIL. PIL directly regulates private persons, e.g. punishment of international crimes (crimes against peace=crime of aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes). This is if
`Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of B.A. International Relations` Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Citizenship, Children`s Rights and Participation: from the UN to the UK 6 Chapter 2: Citizenship Education in Wales………………………………………………14 Active Citizenship in Cadle Primary School: A Case Study 20 Conclusion 29 Bibliography 32 Appendices Appendix 1: The United Convention of the Rights of the Child Appendix 2: Interview with Jamie Richards, the Head Teacher of Cadle Primary School 2 Abstract: Children inherently have had a rather tenuous relationship with citizenship. Similarly to how women were once viewed, children have not been considered as subjects of rights due to their perceived incompetence and irrationality
European Union Exam 1949 France, UK and the Benelux countries decide to set in place a Council of Europe. 1951 Treaty of Paris signed by the Six (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands), establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). 1957 Treaties of Rome establish the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). 1959 July, seven countries of the Organisation for European Economic Co- operation (OEEC) – Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK – decide to establish a European Free Trade
are evils because each strays from national and International law and because they kill people or deprive them of freedom without due process. They can be justified only because they prevent greater evil.” (Ignatieff, 2004) Terrorism pressures a democratic system greatly indeed. As under international law, torture is in any case prohibited though, there is no grounds for the application of this method whatsoever. As per the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”. This does not leave any room for interpretation. Governments however face the issue that the normal way of doing things in law and order is a very long process, but terrorist threat asks for a quick decision. It should be possible to speed up the legislative power in times of crisis so important decisions can be made faster. A
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