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University of Tartu Faculty of Social Sciences and Education Institute of Government and Politics Marie Allikmaa The strategies of creating a dominant party the case of United Russia Tartu 2011 After the collapse of USSR in 1991, many observers expected Russia to develop into a competitive party system. Yet, the reality quickly challenged this view. The developments of party politics in post-Soviet Russia have accurately been described in terms of a pendulum effect, as in the 2000s, Russia's party system did finally begin to take for, but with a remarkable twist. Following the break of one-party rule, Russia's party system became strongly fragmented - during the 1995 parliamentary elections, 43 parties competed for popular votes (McFault 1996: 90)
education in England and Wales over two years (three years in certain schools). It was introduced in the UK in 1988 to replace O-level and CSE examinations. One of the main changes to previous educational qualifications in the United Kingdom was to allow pupils to complete coursework during their two years of study, which was marked by their teachers and contributed to their final examination grade. There has been a move recently from doing coursework and modular examinations for part of the course when pupils would take exams throughout the course to an end of year exam after the two years of study (a 'linear' series). The exams are being revised to make them more difficult such as testing skills from a whole text in English instead of part of a text. Coursework has now been replaced by Controlled Assessments in certain subjects, in which the student completes a number of assessed pieces of
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden across the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by the Russian Federation (338,6 km). The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km² and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns, with the Estonian language sharing many similarities to Finnish. The modern name of Estonia is thought to originate from the Roman historian Tacitus, who in his book Germania (ca. AD 98) described a people called the Aestii. Similarly, ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland, close to the German term Estland for the country. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia. Until the late 1930s, the name was often written as Esthonia in most English speaking countries.
Russian empire became more industrialized and the political system stronger and stronger. The country increased its areas. The government was extremely conservative. By the 20th century people noticed that a czar is not the best choice any more. The next ruler Nicholas started to make some changes in the country ( " H i s t o r y a n d c u l t u r e , " ) . These changes brought together the working class which gave a start to the Social Democratic party. In 1905 Nicholas was forces to accept with the new reforms. Later the Social Democratic party split into two groups- the radical Bolsheviks and the comparatively moderate Menshiviks ( " R u s s i a n s o c i a l d e m o c r a t s , " ) . In 1914 Russia enters World War I. In 1916 the revolution leads to the abdication of Nicholas II and the fall of the autocracy. Soon Lenin comes to Russia and the Bolsheviks gain the majority in the capital which was Petrograd
........................................................................... 18 References............................................................................................................................ 19 2|Page 17101850 The century and a half following the Great Northern War, which ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki, was a relatively static period in Estonian history with few momentous events. This was the time of the crystallization and the culmination of serfdom, when various socio- political and cultural undercurrents were also active, preparing the ground for the industrial society and the national-democratic movement in the second half of the 19th century. The 1710 of the corporations of knights and towns, until Alexander II (18551881), established the relationships between Estonia, Livonia and the Russian Empire. The Baltic
7.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154. Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them are the original version. 8. Beowulf Beowulf is the most famous heroic poem (written down 8-9cc) Beowulf is a war-leader from Scandinavia.He rescued the land of the Danes from a man-like monster Grendel. The monster kills the hero.The poet describes the funeral and how warriors mourned their king. 9. The Vikings, their way of life. Sutton Hoo
labour/capital conflict, and in the local community. We shall now look at these in turn. Second order national elections (Reif and Schmitt, 1980) - National electoral programmes (developed by national parties) + very small room for European programmes - Debate and vote focussed on national issues (few exceptions Bolkenstein / constitution) – retrospective / protest vote - List of candidates defined by national parties - Party and voters’ perspective – lower relevance than „first order elections“ – no govt. - Lower turnout if compared to national elections - Protest vote and retrospective judgement - Sanction towards governing parties (no consequences on the govt.) XIV loeng Eurozone crisis Criteria for joining the eurozone • Budget deficit: Less than 3% of GDP • Public debt: Less than 60% of GDP • Inflation: Within 1.5% of the avg
Tallinna Inglise Kolledz Estonia Topic Alice Tärk, 9b Tallinn 2007 FACTFILE Area: 45 228 sq km Poplulation: under 1.4 million Capital: Tallinn Language: Estonian Currency: Eesti kroon (EEK) Main religion: Lutheran National holiday: 24 February (anniversary of the republic) National flower: Cornflower National bird: Barn Swallow National stone: Limestone LOCATION The Republic of Estonia is the northernmost and smallest of the three Baltic States. It is located on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea in the north east of Europe. To the east the country borders Russia. Latvia is the countries neighbour to the south
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